Unit 5

page 103

Answers will vary.

Exercises 1-2 page 104

Answers will vary.

Exercise 3 pages 104-105

1T 2T 3F;It will take much longer-100 years4 F; Builders already know how to construct energy efficient homes. 5T 6T

Exercise 4 page 105

1Twenty-five percent/A quarter 2insulation 3reduction/decrease 4energy-efcient/zero carbon 5temperature 6rising/increasing 7'zero-carbon home standard’ 8scrapped/dropped 9confused/uncertain

Exercises 5-6 page 105

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 106

Answers will vary.

Exercise 2 page 106

1durable 2compromise 3efciency 4conservation 5second-hand 6sector 7relevant

Exercise 3 page 107

d

Exercise 4 page 107

Answers will vary.

Exercise 5 page 107

a2 b4 c1 d6 e5 f3

Exercise 6 page 109

1HH 2HH 3RC 4N 5HH 6HH 7RC 8HH

Exercise 7 page 109

1T 2DNS 3F: Environmentally friendly practices become less practical / too costly for large-volume construction. 4DNS 5F:Fossil fuels are non renewable. 6T 7T

Exercise 8 page 109

Answers will vary. Suggested answers:

1the benefits will be for the environment

2 because they needed to know about and plan for them before construction began, to make sure they could be most easily and efficiently implemented

3to teach students about the importance of recycling

Exercise 9 page 109

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 110

1b 2a 3a 4a 5b 6a 7b

Exercise 2 page 110

Answers will vary.

Exercise 3 page 110

The writer thinks that both are equally important.

Exercise 4 page 112

Possible answers:

1function 2beauty 3architects 4reflect 5mood/ happiness 6building 7users 8celebrated

Exercise 5 page 112

1b 2a 3f 4c 5e 6d

Exercise 6 page 113

Possible answers:

1They can create a more positive and inspired workforce They allow the users of the building to function well.

They can give a positive impression of the owner to other people.

2lt maximizes the number of planes that can ft in the airport terminal and makes it easier and quicker for passengers to access the planes.

3 The buildings might reflect badly on them

4Poor lighting, lack of or poor view from windows, the temperature inside the building (either too cold or too hot).decoration

5If workers have been provided with a comfortable and pleasant working environment, they may feel more appreciated and want to work harder for the employer

Exercise 7 page 113

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 114

1environmental 2environmentally 3depression

4depress 5depressingly 6responsible 7responsibly 8architecture 9architectural 10architecturally 11efficiency 12efficient Exercise 2 page 114

1 environmental 2 Functionalism 3efhciently 4responsibly 5depress 6architecture 7environment 8responsible 9depression 10architectural

Exercise 3 page 115

1structural engineer 2Skyscrapers 3urban sprawl 4green belt 5Suburban,outskirts 6amenities

Exercise 4 page 115

Possible answers:

1. ..to design environmentally friendly. cost-effective buildings. 2 ... consider their environmental impact.

3 ... it is important to protect the Earth.

4…it protects the countryside from urban sprawl.

5 ... municipal buildings and sport facilities.

6…it increases people's dependence on cars.

Exercise 1 page 116

Answers will vary, Possible answers:

Advantages of focusing on beauty (in addition to students'own ideas):

beautiful buildings are a symbol of a civilized society; they can create a more positive and motivated workforce; they give a good impression: they are "warmer' than strictly functional buildings; they can be more interesting Advantages of focusing on function (in addition to students' own ideas):

ease of use; possible greater ease of movement within the building, more practical

Exercises 2-4 pages 116-117

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 117

1fundamentally 2Undoubtedly 3critica 4considerable investment 5calculate 6can be justified 7there is no real benefit 8has a positive impact on 9and desire to work effectively

10approximately 11This supports the accuracy of this notion.

Exercise 2 page 118

Possible answers:

1provide the space and facilities that are needed

2how much money an eco-friendly building will save in the long term

3the well-being of the local community

4there is plenty of sunlight

5the people who use the buildings

6constructing ugly buildings

Exercise 1 page 118

1 In spite of this 2this profession/it 3This combination 4it/ this profession 5For this reason

Exercise 2 page 119

1This style 2the columns 3They 4these Greek architects 5These structures

Exercise 3 page 120

1a 2a 3a 4b 5a

Exercise 4 page 120

1b 2a 3c 4b 5a 6c

Exercises 1-7 pages 121-122

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Exercises 1-2

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Exercise 3

1 depressing 2demonstrated 3durable 4reflect 5 Second-hand6civilized 7compromise 8relevant

Exercise 4

1environmental 2responsibility 3efficient 4architect 5 depressingly 6functional

Exercise 5

1Suburban 2skyscrapers 3Urban sprawl 4amenities 5outskirts 6 greenbelts

Exercise 6

1Despite this, hunting them is permitted in certain countries.

2This demonstrates the importance of not using your phone before sleeping.

3A higher salary would allow her to buy a house

4These items can be seen at the national museum

5For this reason, passengers are advised to book early

Unit 6

page 125

1solar power

2Fossil fuels like coal and oil are formed

underground from plant and animal remains millions of years ago.Renewable energy like solar and hydropower is produced using the sun, water, etc.

3-4 Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 126

Answers will vary.

Exercise 2 page 126

Possible answers:

1onshore versus offshore wind farms

2how a wind turbine works

3the advantages of wind power

Exercise 3 page 127

1F; five percent 2T 3T 4 F; more expensive 5DNS 6T

Exercise 4 page 127

Possible answers:

1The energy is renewable and the wind itself is free.

2lt is very windy.

3 People are less likely to object to the appearance and noise of turbines that are offshore or far from their homes.

4 The turbines are noisy and unattractive

Exercise 5 page 127

Possible answers.

1There is widespread support because: the UK is windy people want to reduce CO. emissions. There is also opposition because: people think the turbines spoil the landscape, they are noisy.

2Experts know that fossil fuels will run out and we will need to switch to renewable sources of energy.

Exercise 6 page 127

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 128

1wind power 2geothermal energy 3solar power 4hydropower

Exercise 2 page 128

a initial b generate c aquatic d offshore e universal f utilize g inexhaustible

Exercise 3 page 130

C

Exercise 4 page 130

1solar 2biomass 3geothermal 4hydropower 5solar 6geothermal

Exercise 5 page 130

1hydropower 2wind 3biomass 4solar 5geothermal 6hydropower 7biomass

Exercise 6 page 131

1of or from the sun 

2easily damaged, broken or Harmed 

3when something is but or kept somewhere for use in the future 

4involving or produced by the heat that is inside the Earth 

5animals that live independently of people in natural conditions 

6to put into the ground 

7to have a border with

Exercise 7 page 131

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 132

1urgent 2alarming 3adopt 4address 5 diminish 6vital 7resistant 8instigated

Exercise 2 page 132

Possible answers:

2 droughts, problems with growing crops, the death of livestock and other animals

3less food and fewer habitats for animals; flooding due to excess water run- off

4 food prices would rise and there could be riots starvation and death

5 prices of metals would rise sharply: consumer goods would be more expensive

Exercise 3 page 133 

Possible answers:

2 build water storage facilities (dams. irrigation channels. Etc

3protect forests; create national parks; plant new trees; build dams to stop serious flooding

4 reduce food waste through education; encourage people to eat produce that needs less land. enforce fishing quotas

5 find new sources of metal ensure that metal is recycled from old items

Exercises 4-5 page 133

Possible answers:

Reduce means to consume and use less.We can reduce our use of electricity, gas, oil and chemicals for example Re-use means to use things again, for example plastic bags from the supermarket or plastic containers.

Recycle means to collect and treat rubbish in order to produce useful materials. Paper. glass and some metals and plastics can be recycled.

Exercise 6 page 133

1He implies that reducing is the easiest to do, but does not say that one is better than the other.

2They may not be available to people in certain places because of environmental limitations: they can be expensive; they can be time-consuming to install the required elements.

3It is crucial for the future of the planet to follow the' reduce, re-use, recycle strategy.

Exercise 7 page 133

2motorized 3medical; food storage 4metals 5fossil fuels 6solar; geothermal 7the planet

Exercise 8 page 135

1 because people will be more careful about how they

use or waste energy if it gets more expensive

2 because it uses so much energy

3 because it may not be safe or clean, and handling it could cause illness

4 because following these laws could force them to raise their costs or reduce their profits

Exercise 9 page 135

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 135

1fuel 2energy 3pollution 4source 5production 6problem

Exercise 2 page 136

1nuclear 2health/medical 3 source 4 Fossil5 Alternative/Renewable6 water

Exercise 3 page 136

1d 2h 3g 4f 5c 6b 7a 8e

Exercise 4 page 136

1diminish 2deliver 3contested 4consult 5instigate 6utilizes 7omit 8secure

Exercise 1 page 137

In the last column, 'Is it effective for your country?

What is the impact of producing it?', answers will vary.

Exercises 2-4 pages 137--138

Answers will vary.

-Exercise 1 page 139

1 who first split the atom (Enrico Fermi)2whose houses are near nuclear power stations (people3 where the electricity is located (cupboard)4 when fewer people are using it (at night)5 which is made from sugar found in certain crops(ethanol)

Exercise 2 page 140

1 that/which (no commas required)

2 Solar power. which is a form of renewable energy, is very popular in southern Spain.

3 that/which (no commas required

4 that/which (no commas required

5 who/that(no commas required)

6 Al Gore, who is a key supporter of alternative energy, won the Nobel Prize in 2007.

Exercise 3 page 140

1which 2who 3which 4that 5which 6which

Exercise 1 page 141

Answers will vary. Suggested answers:

2Aserious disadvantage of biomass is that it produces greenhouse gases.

3One major drawback of biomass is that large areas of land are needed.

4The most obvious benefit of hydropower is that energy can be stored and

used as needed.

5One other inherent disadvantage of geothermal energy is that it is only available in certain places.

Exercise 2 page 142

1For example 2however 3they 4this 5Inthe same way 6they

Exercise 3 page 142

Answers will vary. Suggested answer.

Turbines and hydropower plants both change the

landscape of an area. Even though some people think they alter the natural landscape in an unattractive way, others think that they are important sources of alternative energy. It is important to use alternative energy sources so that we are less dependent on fossil fuels, which have been linked to global warming. There is resistance to this idea, however. Some people are more concerned about using fossil fuels than other people

are.Also, some think it is more important to save money than to reduce global warming, and alternative energy production facilities can be expensive to construct.

Exercises 1-7 pages 143-144

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Exercises 1-2

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Exercise 3

1generated 2initial 3resistant 4utilize 5alarming 6universal 7urgent

Exercise 4

1renewable; green2industrial; Air 3serious;major

4clean; alternative 5energy; power

Exercise 5

1 consult 2 secure3omitted4delivered 5contest 6utilize 7instigate 8diminish

Exercise 6

1They claim 2These factors 3For example 4Although 5but

Unit 7

page 147

Answers will vary.

Exercises 1-2 page 148

Answers will vary.

Exercise 3 page 149

3

Exercise 4 page 149

1military factory 2artists 3large works of art 4painters, sculptors 5popular 6gift shops and cafés7afford to work 8 new locations

Exercise 5 page 149

2,3

Exercise 6 page 149

Answers will vary

Exercise 1 page 150

1conceptual2aesthetic 3contemporary 4distinction 5established 6signihcance 7notion

Exercise 2 page 151

1c 2d 3a 4b

Exercise 3 page 151

a3 b4 c2 d1

Exercise 4 page 153

1T 2F; Metalworking is an example of applied art.

3T 4DNS 5DNS

6 F: 'Art for art's sake' refers to fine art.7 DNS

8F;Damien Hirst's assistants produce his art, although the ideas are his own.

Exercise 5 page 153

1Hirst 2Warhol 3Duchamp 4Banksy 5Hirst 6Kusama

Exercise 6 page 153 

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 154

Answers will vary.

Exercise 2 page 154

1a 2b 3a 4b 5a 6a 7b 8a

Exercise 3 page 154

1paragraph1 2paragraph3 3paragraph2 4paragraph4

Exercise 4 page 156

1b 2a 3a

Exercise 5 page 156

1d 2c 3a 4e5b

Exercise 6 page 157

1c 2d 3a 4e 5b

Exercise 7 page 157

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 pages 158-159

Possible answers:

1 Horace pointed out that a picture is like a work of

literature without words.

2 Henri Matisse felt that being creative required overcoming cowardice.

3 Leonardo da Vinci stated that a painter uses his or her mind and hands to paint unlimited subjects.

Exercise 2 page 159

Answers will vary. Possible answers.

1 Creativity involves making connections between things or ideas that do not seem to be connected at first.

2 Creating art helps me feel better when I am feeling bad

3 when we create art. we can understand ourselves better and we can also escape from our usual identity.

Exercise 3 page 159

1monumental 2moving 3decorative 4lifelike 5avant-garde 6Abstract 7fgurative 8expressive

Exercise 1 page 160

Exercise 2 page 161

1challenge 2support 3support 4challenge 5challenge 6support

Exercises 3-4 page 161

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 162

The two-seater roadster: the fastest sports car the car the E-type; the machine's: the car's: the most beautiful car in the world

Exercise 2 page 163

The Scream is the popular name given to each of four paintings of the Scream by the artist Edvard Munch. who painted them The Scream between 1893 and 1910. The National Gallery in Oslo holds one painting of The Scream, the Munch Museum holds two more paintings of The Scream and the fourth version of The Scream sold for $119 million at Sotheby's on 2 May, 2012. To explain the picture of The Scream. the artist Eavard Munch wrote in his diary, 'One evening I felt tired and ill.I stopped and looked out over the sea- the sun was setting, and the clouds were turning blood red. i sensed a scream passing through nature; it seemed to me that i heard the scream.

Exercise 1 page 164

1 a stronger b weaker; the statement does not support the idea that photography has the properties of other art as convincingly.

2 a stronger b weaker, no details are provided to persuade the reader.

3 a weaker; It is too subjective and not evidence-based like the other statement. b stronger

Exercise 2 page 165

Answers will vary, Suggested answers:

1Critics of mandatory art education say that art is not as important as academic subjects. Even though that might be true, art education is still important since it encourages students to use their creativity.

2 Some people believe that art is only for the rich However, all people should be able to see great art.

3Opponents of public funding for art think that it is not a good use of public money. Nevertheless, public art beautifies our town and enriches our community culture

Exercise 3 page 165

1Refutation: However, it does take creativity to

choose an image to photograph and to frame it in a certain way. 2Refutation: Just because something violates the law, this does not mean that creativity and artistry have not gone into the work.

Exercise 4 page 165

Answers will vary.

Exercises 1-7 page 166

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Exercises 1-2

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Exercise 3

1objective 2acknowledged 3contemporary

4 notion5distinction 6 deliberately 7sophisticated 8significance Exercise 4

1use synonyms, use reported speech 

2use synonyms sequence the ideas differently 

3change part of the speech, sequence the ideas differently

4use synonyms change part of the speech 5 use antonyms, sequence the ideas differently Exercise 5

1 abstract 2expressive 3monumental 4lifelik5 moving6avant-garde 7decorative 8fgurative

Exercise 6

1are not 2will 3was too 4there are only two 5It 6refused 7didn't

Unit 8

page 169

Answers will vary.

Exercises 1-2 page 170

Answers will vary.

Exercise 3 page 1713

Exercise 4 page 171

1It can prevent cancer, heart disease and poor mental health.

2 You don't need special equipment or a gym membership to walk.

3 People in the UK are 20% less

active than they were in the 1960s.

4 They may be alone most of the time. Walking may be one of the few times they see other people.

Exercises 5--6 page 171 

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 172

a capacity b demographic c leisure d voluntary e adapt f undertake

Exercise 2 page 172

Answers will vary.

Exercise 3 page 172

Possible answers:

1A great deal in many countries. People are able to live far longer due to improved healthcare and the preven-tion/cure of many diseases.

2People are living longer in most regions.

3Old people may be unable to care for themselves for health reasons.

4 I fold people are retired and not paying taxes but still need healthcare, this could put a strain on social systems.

5 The benefits could be that less money is needed for education. Older people may have saved money to spend on themselves and their families and may give time to voluntary organizations or be able to help care for younger family members.

Exercise 4 page 173

Answers will vary.

Exercise 5 page 174

1DNS 2T 3F;In many countries,an increasing number of older people are living by themselves,often without any relatives living nearby.4T 5F:Supermarkets have responded by providing more home-delivery services,and there has been a significant growth in companies providing services that would have traditionally been undertaken by family members.6F; In countries where the percentage of children and young people is lower.there are lower costs in the education system.7DNS 8T

Exercise 6 page 174

1look after 2social activities 3private nursing care 4economic impact 5savings leisure time 6voluntary

Exercise 7 page 175

1Italy has Europe's oldest population: people in Italy are now living 30 to 40 years beyond retirement; the number of needy pensioners there is rising.

2It is evidence that older people in Japan tend to have more savings and more leisure time.

3They are authoritative credible sources which provide convincing support for the writer's main ideas.

Exercise 8 page 175

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 175

Answers will vary.

Exercise 2 page 176

1a 2b 3a 4b 5c 6a 7c

Exercise 3 page 176

Possible answer:

High education costs, risk of increasing unemployment and increased demand for housing

Exercise 4 page 178

1young 227 319 427;Japan 5education 6sectors7expansion

Exercise 5 page 178

1if you consider the facts carefully

2spending

3very specific problems that require specific solutions

4as a result or effect of something

Exercise 6 page 178

1It does not have to cope with the demands of an ageing population. Because the country has relatively fewer old people, the costs of healthcare and pensions are lower. This allows more funds to be allocated to improving the lives of young people.

2Because the government can collect more taxes and has more resources to provide for its citizens.

3Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 179

1in 2of 3on 4up 5with 6in 7on 8in

Exercise 2 page 179

1rely on 2In contrast 3range of 4focus on 5In brief 6in theory 7identify with 8sum up

Exercise 3 page 180

1b: An ageing population leads to /results in lower

education costs.

2b; Encouraging immigration leads to/results in more young people.

3b; An increasingly older population leads to/results in 

economic problems.

Exercise 4 page 180 

Possible answers:

1Some people never have children. Consequently, they have no family to care for them when they get old.

2In some cultures, elderly people commonly live with their adult children. As a result of this, the grandchildren have somebody to care for them while the parents are at work

3It is not always easy for a country to predict how its population will change. Because of this, it's a good idea to encourage immigration.

Exercise 1 page 181

1 2016 2 28160,273 3 under65 4 more men

Exercise 2 page 181

1 January 2012

2 approximately 125 million

3over 65

4 The graph shows that Saudi Arabia has a much younger overall population than Japan does.Saudis have been having more children and larger families than Japanese people in recent years.

Exercise 3 page 182

1youth unemployment: when young people in a society do not have jobs

2housing shortages when there are not enough homes for the people in a society to live in

3higher pension costs: when the government has to spend more of its budget on retired people because the population is ageing

4increased healthcare costs: when the government or health insurers have to spend more money to provide healthcare for people

5stress on the education system: when the resources for educating young people (money, teachers, schools) are no longer enough

6lower consumer spending: when people in a society spend less money to buy things

7declining birth rate: when women in a society have fewer children than before

8higher taxes: when the government collects more money from citizens than before

9increased emigration:when more people move out of their home country to another country

10increased immigration: when more people move into a new country from their home country

Exercise 4 page 182

Answers will vary. Suggested answers.3, 4, 6, 7

Exercise 5 page 182

1Increased healthcare costs 2youth unemployment 3Higher taxes 4higher pension costs 5declining birth rate 6increased immigration

Exercise 6 page 182

Answers will vary.

Exercise 1 page 183

1b 2a 3e 4d 5g 6c 7f

Exercise 2 page 183

Answers will vary, Possible answers?

1The population is likely to increase in the future

2 Oil prices may come down this year.

3 Unemployment is predicted to remain at the same level in the coming months

4 The cost of living is set to rise over the decade.

5 A reduction in the number of schools is unlikely

Exercise 3 page 184

1will face; ages

2continues; will live

3 will move in; agrees

4 does not create; will face

Exercise 4 page 184

Answers will vary. Possible answers.

1If a country has an ageing population, the result will be fewer children.

2Fewer people will pay income taxes if more people retire.

3Provided that a country provides better education, its young people will find good jobs in other countries.

4As long as the population continues to get younger, the government should prioritize public funds for the young over the ageing

Exercise 1 page 185

1majority 2minority 3times 4proportion 5double 6triple 7half 8quarter

Exercise 2 page 186

Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1By 2050 the global population will be 9 billion if the

projected fgures are correct.

2 If the ageing population continues to grow.16% of the population will be 65 or over.

3The world will have fewer young people in the future if birth rates continue to decline

Exercise 3 page 186

1 not good; very specific data, not necessary to mention.

2 not good; not relevant to the data

3 good; explains a trend4 good; mentions the main topic of the data5 good; a prediction

Exercise 1 page 187

2 Presentation and description of the data from the graphs

4 Second related challenge

3 First related challenge

6 Summary of the challenges but also a mention of an advantage

5 Third related challenge1 Introduction

Exercise 2 page 187

Answers will vary. Possible answer:

The graph shows the proportion of three age ranges of the population of japan since 1950 and predicts what those ranges will be through to the year 2050.

Exercises 3-11 pages 187-188 

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Exercise1

Answers will vary.

Exercise 2

1voluntary 2copewith 3pension 4adapt 5undertake 6range 7allocate 8leisure

Exercise 3

Answers will vary.

Exercise 4

1In theory 2focuson 3Inbrief 4rely on 5sum up 6In contrast 7 range of 8identify with

Exercise 5

1Exercising regularly leads to better health.

2As a result of the growing population, food demand has increased.

3Meditation can result in a decrease in stress levels.

4As a consequence, they stay more active.

5Because of this, elderly people are being advised to stay indoors,

6As a result of this, many young people are moving abroad

Exercise 6

1half 2half 3triple 4times 5majority 6minority 7double 8proportion