INVENTIVE SOLUTIONS 2
THINK AND DISCUSS
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Alexander Graham Bell; he invented the telephone.
2. train; pencil; chalkboard
EXPLORE THE THEME
A Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. I agree that these are important inventions.
I’d add the lightbulb, the airplane, and the ballpoint pen.
2. Six of the inventions were developed within the last 200 years (comparatively recently). I think this is because some of them build on each other. For example, the personal computer, the World Wide Web, and the smartphone are connected and all of them need electricity to work.
B design
efficient
Equipment
Reading 1
PREPARING TO READ
A 1. power
2. eventually
3. electricity
4. prevention
5. afford
6. struggle
7. creative
B Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Yes; baking cakes
2. sun, wind, nuclear energy, coal, natural gas, water, and thermal
C Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. cell phone charger
2. lights
3. microwave
4. ceiling fans
5. refrigerator
6. alarm clock
D b (Note: Based on the first paragraph, the answer could be option a, but after looking at the pictures and captions, the correct answer is option b.)
UNDERSTANDING THE READING
A c (Note: Although the article has advice for inventors and is about windmills, the main idea is that William brought electricity to his
community.)
B Wording of answers will vary. Correct answers:
1. There was a drought. (Paragraph B)
2. People laughed at his idea and didn’t believe he could do it. (Paragraph D)
3. People used it to get power for their cell phones.
(Paragraph E)
C Wording of answers will vary. Correct answers:
problems:
He couldn’t buy the equipment he needed.
(Paragraph D)
Solutions (from left to right):
He went to the library. (Paragraph C)
He looked at the pictures in the book. (Paragraph C)
William built a second windmill to bring water up
from underground. (Paragraph E)
William taught other people how to build
windmills and created a website. (Paragraphs E and F)
D Answers will vary. Possible answer: He could have looked for a part-time job to earn some money for school fees.
DEVEOPING READING SKILLS
A Answers will vary. Possible answers:
main idea: Nils Bohlin invented a new type of seat belt that is in most cars today and has saved many lives.
detail 1: Before Bohlin’s invention, seat belts were buckled across the stomach.
detail 2: The buckles often caused injuries during high-speed accidents.
detail 3: Bohlin’s seat belt has one strap across the chest and one across the hips, with a buckle at the side.
B Answers will vary. Possible answers:
They have to cook over open fires and collect water from wells or streams. (Note: This is an example of what life is like without electricity or running water.)
There was a severe drought, and most families—including William’s—couldn’t grow enough food. (Note: This is the reason why life became more difficult.)
He found a science book there called Using Energy. (Note: This is what the library book was called.)
Video
BEFORE VIEWING
A Answers will vary. Possible answers:
It’s good for the environment, and it won’t run out.
B 1. There is a lot of it (enough to fulfill all the world’s power needs many times over).
2. Answers will vary. Possible answers: solar hot water panels and solar electric panels; solar hot water panels, because they are cheaper and
easier to make.
C 1. cut down on
2. go green
3. no-brainer
4. dweller
WHILE VIEWING
A 1, 3
B Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. local community materials, recycled materials, and some garbage
2. Cairo gets a lot of sunshine.
3. Dust from the nearby desert gets on the panels. A simple solution is to wipe the dust away. (Note: Dust is the term for small particles of earth and other materials that form a powder.)
AFTER VIEWING
A 1. Answers will vary. Possible answer: Yes, they would work well in my country because we have hot weather and sunshine all year round.
2. garbage; treasure. This saying means that some people can use things that other people think are worthless.
B Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Both inventions use renewable energy; they are inexpensive; they are made from recycled materials; the community had to be convinced
that the invention would work.
Reading 2
PREPARING TO READ
A 1. indicates (Note: Global demand means the number of people in the world who want to buy or use something.)
2. benefit (Note: Renewable energy sources can be replaced by natural processes, so the supply can’t be used up.)
3. innovations
4. valuable
5. store
6. identify
7. device
8. containers
B Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. vaccines; artificial limbs; diabetes tests
2. smartphone; headphone; microwave
C Answers will vary. Possible answers:
infant warmer: to help underweight babies stay warm
Water container: to make it easier for people to carry water long distances health detector: to help doctors in rural places do medical tests
UNDERSTANDING THE READING
A Embrace Infant Warmer: a (See Paragraph C.)
Q Drum: b (See Paragraph E.)
Health Detector: a (See Paragraph G.)
B 1. less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kilograms)
2. People in developing countries usually have to carry heavy containers of water on their heads.
3. paper; it’s light and easy to carry, so health workers can easily bring it with them to perform tests in patients’ homes.
4. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
They are inexpensive; they help people in developing countries; they are easy to use; they can work without electricity.
C Answers will vary. Possible answer:
I’d choose the solar-powered water heater, because it’s very easy to make, it will help keep many people healthy and warm, and it’s good for
the environment.
Writing
EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH
A 1. was; became
2. didn’t know; wasn’t; was
3. changed; improved
4. invented
5. came
LANGUAGE FOR WRITING
B 1. was
2. built; didn’t believe
3. taught
4. invented; created; allowed
5. made; gave
C Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Before the invention of the motor car, people traveled by horse and carriage.
2. Before the invention of the telephone, people wrote more letters.
3. Before the invention of the smartphone, people socialized with their friends more in person.
4. Before the invention of the freezer, people didn’t store ice cream in their homes.
WRITING SKILLS
D 1. D; 2. D; 3. SI; 4. SI; 5. D; 6. SI
E 3, 1, 6, 2, 4, 5
Solar lanterns are better than kerosene lamps for bringing light to people in developing countries for three main reasons. First of all,solar-powered
lanterns are more efficient than kerosene lamps. For example, they produce 50 times more light than kerosene lamps. Another benefit of solarpowered lanterns is that they are good for the environment. They use solar energy, which is a renewable source of power. Finally, solar lanterns are better for our health. The smoke from kerosene lamps can cause lung damage, but solar-powered lanterns don’t use any dangerous chemicals.
WRITING TASK
A Answers will vary. Possible answers:
ballpoint pens; washing machines; dishwashers;
the wheel; the printing press
B Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Topic Sentence: Antibiotics dramatically changed human health.
Supporting idea 1: In the past, many people died from infections—now cured by antibiotics.
detail(s): Illnesses such as strep throat or bronchitis – often deadly.
Supporting idea 2: Even if people didn’t die from illnesses, it took them much longer to recover.
detail(s): Children often missed months of school. With antibiotics, they usually return to school after 24 hours.
REVISING PRACTICE
c, d, a, b
EDITING PRACTICE
1. William Kamkwamba built a windmill using parts he found in junkyards.
2. The people in William Kamkwamba’s village weren’t confident about his plan.
3. Before Nils Bohlin’s invention, most cars had seat belts that were buckled across the stomach.
4. The first car didn’t go very fast.
5. Orville Wright made the first powered airplane flight in 1903.
6. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, started the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
7. Ts’ai Lun invented paper in the first century A.D., but it wasn’t widely available until many years later. (Note: “… but it didn’t become widely
available …” is also correct.)
