Unit 1
Page 15
Answers will vary.
Exercises 1-2 page 16
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 page 17
Main idea: Sentence 2
Exercise 4 page 17
1F; Korgas is at the heart of the trading route.2 F; Five years ago, there was no infrastructure in the area. 3 T 4T 5F;The project has economic and political goals.
Exercise 5 page 17
1lfsomething is built from scratch, it is built from the
very beginning without using anything that already exists
2 The phrase so the theory goes means that something is still only a theory, and it may not happen this way.
3 If you project a particular quality, that quality is what most people notice about you.
Exercise 6 page 17
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 18
a domestic b dominant c discount d reputation e supplier f inflation g multinational h selling point
Exercises 2-3 page 19
1 use of informal language: use of phrasal verbs
check out': informal vocabulary, 'a lot of'. 'super-low':
contractions, 'I'll look at’3 use of first person, such as 'l will check out', 'it seems to me, I'll look at?
Exercise 4 page 20
1Because he/she is writing a blog series about successful multinational companies, one of which is IKEA.
2 A UK store might feature a bedroom display with a British flag bedspread. while a Tokyo store might have a bedroom display with a traditional mat on the floor.
3 Because it sells its furniture in flat boxes which use less space and paper and are easier to transport.
4 Multinational companies which specialize in household goods and automobile production.
Exercise 5 page 20
1T 2T 3F They have long understood the need to research other markets. 4T 5DNS 6F; It will only be in some markets.
Exercise 6 page 20
1b 2c 3a
Exercise 7 page 20
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1 As an example of what they learnt about what
customers in different markets want. based on their research.
2 Because if customers feel strongly about protecting the environment, it might make them more likely to shop at stores that follow eco-friendly policies.
3 He/She does not explicitly say.
Exercise 8 page 21
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 21
1convenience 2ensure 3consumption 4increase 5relatively 6specialty 7influence 8experiment
Exercises 2-3 page 22
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1 more ready-made food, frozen food and take-away food
2 greater variety of food available in shops and restaurants
3 positive and negative impact of fast-food restaurant chains
Exercise 4 page 22
2both 3present 4past 5present 6both
Exercise 5 page 22
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1all over the world 2eat Asian food 3foreign food 4less common
Exercise 6 page 24
1a 2b
Exercise 7 page 24
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 24
1b 2a 3f 4c 5h 6d 7g 8e
Exercise 2 page 25
1increase 2continue 3studying 4confused5excluded 6refused 7exhausted 8removed
Exercise 3 page 25
1domestic 2consumption 3outlets 4multinational 5 monopoly 6discounts 7inflation
Exercise 1 page 26
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1 Until recently, pasta would have been made by people in their local area. Families would also have made the sauces to eat with the pasta at home.
2 Only pizza and pasta were available in the local town square.
3 Frozen or take-out meals. mass-produced dried pasta
and ready-made pasta sauces have become very
popular Fast food chains are seen as more convenient.
4 People worry about the destruction of local and national specialties. The 'Slow Food' movement was started in Italy to encourage people to eat locally sourced food.
5 The popularity of foreign food, international chain restaurants and convenient food are results of
globalization, and this has changed the way Italians eat.
Exercises 2-3 pages 26-27
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 27
1d 2b 3a 4c
Exercise 2 page 28
2 a range of exports:
3 a change in environmental standards
4 the exchange of technological ideas
5 the impact of multinational chains
6a group of international. Entrepreneurs
7 the mixture of different cultures
8an increase in worldwide consumption
Exercise 3 page 28
general past time: before the war, formerly, historically. in recent years, in the past
specific past time: around ten years ago, in the 1990s in the eighteenth century
present: at the present time, currently, nowadays, presently, these days
Exercise 4 page 29
Answers will vary. Possible answers.
1food from all over the world
2 foreign chains
3 Thai food in my country
4 cooking programmes on television
5 Asian spices in the markets here6 things they got
Exercise 1 page 30
1a 2d 3e 4c 5b
Exercise 2 page 31
1F 2Q 3OK 4G 5OK 6G 7D
Exercise 3 page 32
Answers will vary. Suggested answer:
The phenomenon of globalization has harmed certain countries.
Exercise 1 page 32
a2 b1 c5 d3 e4
Exercises 2-11 pages 32--34
Answers will vary.
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Exercise1
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2
1 selling point 2supplier 3increase 4consumption 5dominant 6reputation7experiment8influence
Exercise 3
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4
1refused 2confuse 3studying 4increased 5excluded 6continue 7exhausting 8remove
Exercise 5
1 multinational 2consumption 3domestic 4inflation 5outlet 6monopoly7discount
Exercise 6
1 Introduction,Body.Conclusion
2 A hook: Background information: A thesis statement
3 develop your main ideas; provide evidence or
information to support your ideas
4 state the thesis statement again; give your
conclusions/recommendations/predictions
5 give an opinion; give an overview of the essay
6 Although there are certain benefits to globalization,
there are arguably a greater number of disadvantages
Unit 2
page 37
Answers will vary.
Exercises 1-2 page 38
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 pages 38-39
1F; Many students cannot afford private tuition. 2T 3F; This is a new programme that is helping a small number of students. 4F; The teachers are very enthusiastic about the idea.5T 6T
Exercise 4 page 39
1extra 2expensive 3afford 4fall behind 5access 6available
Exercise 5 page 39
1c,e 2a 3b,d
Exercise 6 page 39
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 40
a pursue b concrete c launch d oriented e under represented f evolve g discipline h gender gap
Exercise 2 page 41
2discipline 3gender gap 4launch 5oriented 6under-represented 7concrete 8evolve
Exercise 3 page 41
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 43
1both 2Engineering 3Business 4both 5both
Exercise 5 page 43
1F:about40% 2T 3T4FScience,Technology Engineering, Mathematics5F:16% of Engineering and Technology students are female.
Exercise 6 page 43
Answers will vary. Possible answers.
1 easier to find a job
2 Engineering: very specific and possibly not as transferable to different types of careers Business: not as academic as other subjects
Exercise 7 page 43
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 44
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1 the trend toward more online learning
2 mechanical engineering
3 you can interact with the teacher and other students
4 you can study for it from your home
5 rechargeable batteries
6 communicate with people around the world
7 high standards of academic behaviour is important 8 the cost of tuition
Exercises 2-3 page 44
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 46
13 24 32 41
Exercise 5 page 46
1face-to-face 2distance 3distance 4both 5distance 6distance 7both
Exercise 6 page 46
Suggested answers.
1 Because regardless of possible differences like curriculum
syllabus, instructor or other things that may or may not differ, we know for sure that the systems differ in this basic way.
2 Because the teacher and student rarely meet, it may
be more difficult for the teacher to understand the
student's learning needs. Students are more responsible for staying focused, doing the work and keeping up
3 Mentioned in the text: helping students understand
the key course sections; deciding how to present and sequence the material and topics; creating assignments; helping with resources: providing feedback. Other possible answers: answering questions, evaluating/ grading student work.
4 The author does not appear to take a side on this. He/
She states that 'it is difficult to state whether one form of learning is better than the other'.
Exercise 7 page 47
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 47
1assignment 2term 3semester 4Plagiarism 5journal 6lecturer 7seminar 8tutor 9degree 10dissertation 11examination
Exercise 2 page 48
1d 2a 3f 4g 5h 6i 7e 8c 9b
Exercise 3 page 48
1alternative 2significant 3aspect 4principles 5motivation 6specific 7core 8virtual
Exercise 1 page 49
Answers will vary. Suggested answers:
Studying a language:
access to authentic material in the new language is beneficial
earners will benefit from visiting the country where the language is spoken plenty of practice required students must be highly motivated. well organized and self-disciplined, especially if they are not living in the country where the language is spoken learners need core vocabulary and grammar to build on
Studying Mathematics:
completely objective, meaning there is only one right answer
all learners will have done some Mathematics at school plenty of practice required learners need to understand key concepts before moving on can use Mathematics to solve real-world problems
Exercises 2-3 page 49
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 50
1Conversely: In contrast
2In the same way; Similarly
3In contrast; Conversely
4Similarly; In the same way
Exercise 2 page 50
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 page 51
1Academic courses focus on subjects like Maths, Science
and Literature. while/whereas vocational courses focus on practical skills.
While/Whereas vocational courses focus on practical skills, academic courses focus on subjects like Maths Science and Literature
2A university is a very large institution which offers undergraduate and graduate degrees, while/where as a college is a smaller institution which typically offers only undergraduate degrees.
While/Whereas a university is a very large institution which offers undergraduate and graduate degrees,a college is a smaller institution which typically offers only undergraduate degrees.
3 Academic courses are theoretical, while/whereas
vocational subjects are not.
While/Whereas academic courses are theoretical vocational subjects are not.
4 More men tend to graduate with degrees in Maths or Science, while/whereas more women tend to graduate with degrees in language or Literature.
While/Whereas more men tend to graduate with degrees in Maths or Science, more women tend to graduate with degrees in languages or Literature.
Exercise 4 page 52
1b 2b 3a
Exercise 5 page 52
1 Some professions only require a bachelor's degree
while others require a graduate degree.
=2 Whereas Japanese students can get a bachelor's degree in Law,Canadian students cannot.
3 While Business is considered a university subject that
will lead to job offers, Philosophy is usually not.
Exercise 6 page 52
Answers will vary. Suggested answers.
1while some students choose to go to university, others choose to get a full-time job.
2Engineering study requires good mathematics skills whereas Literature study requires good reading and writing skills.
3Some universities require students to study both
STEM and humanities subjects, whereas others require students to specialize in just one area.
Exercise 1 page 54
2 C Possible answer:... university course. It is not as
popular…3R: Possible answer: .. focuses on numbers, but language learning…4 C; Possible answer: ... very popular; you can even .5 R; Possible answer academic subjects: other students 6R Possible answer ... charge tuition, but some are ..
Exercise 2 page 54
1 run-on: Suggested answer: Not everybody needs to go
to university; there are some rewarding careers that do not require university degrees.
2 comma splice: Suggested answer: The two oldest
universities in the UK are Oxford and Cambridge. They were both founded in the Middle Ages.
3 run-on: Suggested answer: Students getting PhD
degrees work as research assistants.it is part of their arrangement with the university.
4 comma splice; Suggested answers: The experience
of going to university is not just an academic one.
Students also make valuable lifelong friendships there./ The experience of going to university is not just an academic one, students also make valuable lifelong friendships there.
Exercise 3 page 55
1differences 2both (but differences are more significant)3Reading 2
Exercises 1-7 pages 55-56
Answers will vary.
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Exercises 1-2
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3
1pursue 2gender gap 3Distance learning 4discipline 5underrepresented 6Technologica advances 7 significant difference 8launch
Exercise 4
1dissertation, assignments, plagiarism 2semesters, terms 3degree, journals 4lecturer, seminars, tutor
Exercise 5
1virtual 2motivation 3 significant 4alternative 5core 6specific 7principles 8aspects
Exercise 6
1 ;they found ; ,and they found
2 ,so there will be;. There will be
3 ,whereas other people; , but other people
4 .You should :, so you should
5,but in the winter, there are ;In the winter, there are
Unit 3
page 59
Answers will vary. Possible answers to Question 1.
a cold: take some cold medicine, have some hot tea with honey, eat raw garlic
a headache: take some painkillers, drink lots of water a cut on your hand: bandage it and raise it, go to a hospital if it is serious
toothache: go to the dentist, take painkillers
Exercise 1 page 60
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2 page 60
Possible answers:
1They involve robots.
2They show medical procedures/ surgery.
3His arm is artificial/red.
4 It is printing the artificial arm.
Exercise 3 page 60
1T 2DNS 3T 4F;It is not possible yet. 5T 6T
Exercise 4 page 61
Possible answers:
1Robots can perform surgery in places that are too small or delicate for human surgeons.
2 Some robots are the width of a human hair.
3 Robots can create new body parts.
4 3-D printers are much cheaper than earlier technology.
Exercise 5 page 61
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1 Surgeries that take a very long time.
2 This would reduce the risk of infection.
3 People who can pay the high cost; in other words, rich people. 4 Once a program for the limb is developed, the process is automatic. The material is also inexpensive.
Exercise 6 page 61
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 62
1b 2b 3a 4a 5b 6b7a 8a
Exercise 2 page 63
3
Exercise 3 page 63
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4 page 63
1F; Most health systems use conventional medicine2T 3T 4 DNS 5 F; Abigail Hayes thinks that homeopathic remedies have much more than just a placebo effect. 6T 7DNS 8T
Exercise 5 page 65
1Piers Wehner 2Abigail Hayes 3Piers Wehner 4Abigail Hayes 5 Abigail Hayes 6Abigail Hayes 7Piers Wehner 8Piers Wehner
Exercise 6 page 65
Possible answers.
1Conventional medicine is very expensive because it
needs a great deal of testing and the pharmaceutical companies want to make a large profit.
2 There is a great deal of evidence to show that if people
believe they are being cured, they get better. This is called the 'placebo effect'. People are less stressed if they believe that they are well.
3 People may be less worried if they have shared their medical problems and know that somebody is looking after them. They may also be more motivated to look after themselves.
4 Most mainstream doctors will say this, and this opinion
is widespread and can be found everywhere.
5 Conventional medicine is based on science. Doctors
also have to prove that they are not wasting money when using homeopathy.
Exercise 7 page 65
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 66
1burden 2 treatment 3regardless 4safety net 5consultation 6 contribution 7labour
Exercise 2 page 66
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 page 67
1
Exercise 4 page 68
1Answers will vary.
2Possible answers: public; private
Exercise 5 page 68
1public 2private 3public 4mixed 5private
Exercise 6 page 68
synonyms of people: residents, citizens, workers patients, individuals
synonyms of money: taxes, income, contribution, costs funding, salaries, profit
related to healthcare: healthcare. consultations. treatments. medicines. hospitals. medical services.
health insurance. medical costs. preventative medicine. infectious diseases
Exercise 7 page 68
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1A person with a long-term illness might prefer free on public healthcare because of the continuing costs of treatment.
2A person with a high income might prefer a private system because they could afford high-quality care.
Exercise 8 page 69
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 69
1 epidemic 2underfunding 3 Drug dependency 4sedentary lifestyle 5preventable illness 6patents
Exercise 2 page 70
1adverse 2professional 3illegal 4physical 5complex6adequate 7conventional 8precise 9 medical
Exercise 3 page 70
1illegal 2professional 3adequate 4Conventional 5complex 6physical 7adverse 8medical 9precise
Exercises 1-7 pages 71--72
Answers will vary.
Exercise 8 page 72
1infavour 2infavour 3infavour 4against 5against 6against 7against 8against 9infavour
Exercise 1 page 74
1f 2d 3h 4b 5g,g 6c 7e,e 8c 9i 10e,e 11j
Exercise 2 page 74
1Ø;a 2Ø;Ø 3The 4The;the 5Ø 6Ø;an 7Ø;an 8Ø;an:Ø 9the 10Ø;Ø
Exercise 3 page 75
Answers will vary. Suggested answers:
1in spite of 2Even though 3other people claim that 4However 5 Even though
Exercise 1 page 77
2 Although my country's healthcare system is not perfect it is better than many others.
3 This is the medication that I need to take for my illness.
4 All (of the) people in our society should have access to affordable healthcare. It is their right
5 On this subject, doctors agree the most.
6 A good healthcare system can save money, and it can also save lives.
Exercises 1-7 pages 77--78
Answers will vary.
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Exercises 1-2
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3
1 surgery 2safety net 3consultation 4funded 5 controversial 6burden 7contribution 8chief
Exercise 4
1 epidemic 2sedentary lifestyle 3patent 4drug dependency 5Preventable illnesses 6under funding
Exercise 5
1 profession, profession 2complex, complexity 3adeguacy, adequate 4 medicine,medical 5precise. precision 6illegality, illegal
Exercise 6
1 In the past 2If medicine causes sickness 3which employs over 2,000 4and5 which has angered passengers
Unit 4
page 81
1Floods can occur when a lot of rain falls in a short period of time, especially after a long period of dry
Weather they can also occur when rivers get too full after prolonged rainfall.
Droughts can be the result of unusual weather patterns, eg. changes in the prevailing wind direction or jet stream. Both weather conditions can affect the economy because people cannot travel to work or damage is caused to
roads, bridges and buildings. They can also severely affect agriculture, damaging crops and making it difficult to feed animals, causing food prices to increase.
2-3 Answers will vary.
Exercises 1-2 page 82
Answers will vary.
Exercise 3 page 82
1F: Only 1% of the fresh water is available for human use. 2T 3T 4F: Water shortages are the result of increasing population, poor infrastructure, politics, poverty or living in a dry part of the world.5F: The Aral Sea once covered more than 25.000 square miles. It is now 10% of its original size.
Exercise 4 page 83
170% 2distribution 3population 4infrastructure 5common 6 space 7drought
Exercises 5-6 page 83
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 page 84
1measures 2identify 3crucial 4 devastating 5community 6maintenance 7reduction 8criticize
Exercise 2 page 85
1levee2tsunami 3dam4hurricane 5flood barrier6 sandbagging
Exercise 3 page 86
1 'Controlling the flow' is the best title because the
interview is about ways to control the flow of water in a flood.
2What to do about risk' is not as good because it is too general and does not mention water or flooding.
'A way to protect people from flooding' is not as good because the interviewer says there are several ways, and people also have to help themselves in a flood situation.4 "Protect your house against flooding' is not as good because the text is not just about protecting houses.
Exercise 4 page 87
1 F; Dan Smith works for a government agency 2T 3DNS 4T 5DNS 6T
Exercise 5 page 87
1attempting to minimize the impact of natural disasters both before and after they happen
2earth-wall defences
3because of their environmental impact
4both the government and individuals
Exercise 6 page 87
1risk reduction and risk analysis 2risk reduction 3the construction and maintenance of levees 4a tsunami 5new flood prevention solutions
6construction of seas walls and bulkheads: the redesign of power stations and subway tunnels: the Thames Barrien 7 expensive early-warning systems
Exercise 7 page 88
Dan Smith would probably only agree with statement 5
Exercise 8 page 88
1-2 Answers may vary.
3 Possible answers: Bangladesh China, India, Pakistan. Heavy monsoon rains and global warming means snow and ice on the Himalayas is melting into rivers and increasing the risk of flooding in these countries.
Exercise 1 pages 88-89
1disrupted 2casualties 3strategies 4issue 5 monitor 6relyon 7infrastructure 8policy
Exercise 2 page 89
Droughts are most common in countries that have little rain. These are predominantly found in sub-Saharan
Africa.Australia also suffers badly, but as a richer country, it is better able to mitigate the problems arising from little or no rain. On the map, the areas with the highest temperatures (in red) and little rainfall are the ones most likely to suffer from drought: Africa and Australia.
Exercise 3 page 89
Possible answers:
1Drought kills animals and crops and causes starvation
2 Bottles of drinking water can be brought into the drought area. 3 Drought monitoring, rainwater harvesting and water recycling
4 Many long-term drought solutions are expensive and need technical knowledge that may not be available
Exercise 4 page 91
a6 b5 cl d4 e3 f2
Exercise 5 page 91
Possible answers:
Exercise 6 page 91
1b 2b 3a
Exercise 7 page 92
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1 pages 92-93
2 Risk reduction 3 water-management system4 government report5 flood protection6 Community-based projects
Exercise 2 page 93
2natural 3controlled 4long-term 5seasonal
Exercise 3 page 93
2natural disasters 3Controlled floods 4Large-scale/ Wide-reaching disaster mitigation projects5devastating/ severe flood 6extreme/serious drought 7seasonal drought 8terrible/major disaster
Exercise 1 pages 94-95
1B 2AB 3B 4A 5A 6B 7A 8B 9A
Exercise 2 page 95
Answers will vary. Suggested answers: expensive, short-term: 1,9
inexpensive, short-term: 2,4,5,8 expensive, long-term: 3, 6 inexpensive, long-term:7
Exercises 3-4 page 96
Answers will vary.
Exercise1 page 97
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1b 2f 3c 4a 5h 6e 7d 8g
Exercise 2 page 97
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1 using sandbags to stop water
2 in a flood zone
3 harvesting and storing rainwater
4 to get people to agree on a strategy
5 that they are expensive6 rebuild communities
Exercises 3-4 page 97
Answers will vary.
Exercise 1page 98
16 2c 3a 4e 5d 6f
Exercise 2 page 99
1 'talk to their friends and neighbours' needs to be a noun phrase: 'their friends and neighbours’
2they should establish desalination plants' needs to be a gerund phrase: "establishing desalination plants'
3'he analyzes risk' should be a noun phrase: 'risk analysis
4'the expense is surprising’ should be an adjective phrase: 'surprisingly expensive'
5'typhoons can also occur' needs to be a noun with no verb: 'typhoons'
Exercise 3 page 99
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1 an emergency kit and a torch (answer should be a noun or a noun phrase)
2 roads (answer should be a noun or noun phrase)
3 using satellite images and following fires(answer should be a gerund phrase)
Exercises 1-7 pages 99-100
Answers will vary.
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Exercise1
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2
1community 2crucial 3casualties 4issue 5criticized 6relyon 7maintenance 8policy
Exercise 3
Answers will vary.
Exercise 4
1train's late arrival / late arrival of the train 2difficulty of the exercise/difficult exercise 3Climate change 4dangerous driving
5job losses 6the safety 7waste management plan
Exercise 5
1seasonal drought 2natural disasters 3severe floods 4minor problem 5long-term disaster
Exercise 6
1 more environmentally friendly
2thoroughly
3go out in the evenings
4that they would deliver them on time
5to improve air quality
6a large amount of cash
