SURVIVAL INSTINCT  10

THINK AND DISCUSS

 Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. My parents were in a car accident. The car actually flipped over, but no one was hurt. They were very lucky.

2. people who don’t panic, people who keep thinking positively, people who have been trained for dangerous situations, etc.

EXPLORE THE THEME

A 1. K2’s shape makes it difficult to climb. It has very steep slopes.

2. The Pakistani side is easier to climb than the north side. Most attempts are made from the Pakistani side.

3. Answers will vary. Possible answer:

It is very difficult to climb and many people have died while trying. (Note: savage means violent and uncontrolled)

B expedition; slope; summit (Note: The word summit is also a verb that means to get to the top of a mountain.)

Reading 1

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. descend

2. recall

3. sensation

4. terrifying

5. task

6. gear

7. fate

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I think the most terrifying part is the risk of avalanches.

2. Climbers will need gear for walking and climbing in snowy and windy conditions, such as warm clothes, boots, snow shoes, etc. They will also

need medical gear, such as oxygen tanks or first aid, in case of an emergency.

C Answers will vary. Correct answer: c

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. 2011

2. K2

3. six (Explanation: Gerlinde, Ralf, Maxut, Vassiliy, Dariusz, Tommy)

4. camps

5. two

6. husband

7. weather / conditions / weather conditions

8. death zone

9. first woman

10. oxygen (Note: extra is a synonym for supplemental, which is why the answer is not supplemental oxygen)

B 1, 3, 4, 6 (See Paragraph E.)

C e, c, d, h, a, b, f ,g

D 1. c

2. d

3. e

4. a

5. b

E Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. The good weather was a happy surprise that was going to make their climbing possible that day.

2. To help readers visualize how small the human figures looked from where Ralf was standing.

3. Some of them probably lost their lives climbing K2 or other mountains, so it made her emotional when she made it to the summit.

F Answers will vary. Possible answers:

I don’t think the risk is worth it because I don’t believe a good view is worth dying for. There are many ways to see a great view without risking

your life. / I think it’s worth the risk. Mountain climbing tests a person’s body and mind in a good way, and getting to the summit of a big

mountain is the achievement of a lifetime.

DEVELOPING READING SKILLS

A 1. During the summer of 2011, a team of climbers attempted to climb the world’s second highest peak.

2. Their goal was to climb the North Ridge on the Chinese side of the mountain.

3. To establish the route, they had to cope with vertical rock walls, avalanches, …

4. If she succeeded, she would be the first woman in history to climb all of the world’s tallest peaks without supplemental oxygen.

5. On their first climb together, Gerlinde and Ralf had made an agreement.

6. Below them, a terrifying void plunged to the glacier below.

7. But … the climbers made painfully slow progress.

8. They would rest until morning, then resume the push for the prize.

9. With a surge of energy and hope, she finally crawled onto the ridge.

10. Fifteen minutes later, Maxut and Vassiliy arrived, …

B 1. when

2. where

3. why

4. how

5. when

6. where

7. how

8. when

9. how

10. when

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Paragraph A: …Chinese side of the mountain, without bottled oxygen or high-altitude porters. (how)

Paragraph B: …who had previously reached the summit of K2 from the Pakistani side. (where)

Paragraph M: By 1 p.m. they had gained less than 180 meters. (when)

Paragraph R: By mid-afternoon, they reached the base of a ramp beneath the summit ridge. (when)

Video

BEFORE VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Correct answers:

1. b 2. c

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Mosquitoes live in many different places and have the potential to spread diseases such as malaria to many people.

2. I’m most worried about snakes because I live near a forested area and sometimes I spot snakes in the grass.

C 1. tuck in (Note: Other common uses of this phrasal verb include tuck in a shirt and tuck a child into bed.)

2. stand your ground (Note: This phrase can also be used figuratively to refer to maintaining an opinion or viewpoint even when others disagree

with you.)

3. catch up

WHILE VIEWING

A b

B 1. F (Explanation: Of the more than 300 species of shark, only a small number are proven man-eaters.)

2. F (Explanation: Sharks may bite people out of hunger, but often as not, will bite out of simple curiosity.)

3. T (Explanation: Your best chance is to strike at its soft spots: its eyes, gills, and nose. Make the shark decide you’re not worth the trouble.)

4. T (Explanation: It flares its ears and trumpets a warning.)

5. T (Explanation: Once you’re engaged, you do not show your back to that elephant. You do not turn, you do not run…)

6. T (Explanation: He can easily, if he really wants to, he can catch up to you, and you just don’t want to run away.)

AFTER VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answer:

 I didn’t choose the same advice. I thought you were supposed to pretend to be dead. I never would have thought to attack a shark’s eyes while it’s biting me!

B Answers will vary. Possible answer:

 I read that if you see a bear in the wild, you shouldn’t run. You should speak in a calm voice and back away slowly.

Reading 2

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. version

2. alter

3. crisis

4. take over

5. instantly

6. separate

7. demonstrate

8. consciously

9. assume

10. determination

B  Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I think starting your own business requires a lot of determination. Success won’t happen instantly, so you have to keep trying even after failing.

2. I think being calm is one of the best characteristics to have in a crisis.

3. Experiences that can alter a person’s life include moving to a new country, having children, changing careers, etc.

C  Answers will vary. Possible answer:

 When I feel scared, I try to think about my dog because it helps calm me down. I imagine myself walking my dog in the park near my house. It’s one of my favorite things to do, so thinking about it relaxes me.

D Answers will vary. Possible answer:

 breathing techniques, survived a serious accident

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. B (Explanation: One of the most surprising ways to control our fear response is breathing.)

2. A (Explanation: In fact, for most of history, we have assumed that there is a line separating our natural, basic instinct and our learned behavior.)

3. D (Explanation: One scientific study demonstrated how rhythmic breathing can actually alter the brain.)

4. C (Explanation: By consciously slowing down the breath, we can slow down the primal fear response that otherwise takes over.)

5. E (Explanation: With training, it may be possible to become better prepared for a life-or-death situation.)

B (See Paragraphs G–J)

 c, f, a, b, g, e, d

C 1. She learned the techniques from meditation and yoga.

2. She had to rebuild muscles that had atrophied. / She had to rebuild abdominal muscles. / She had nightmares and PTSD.

3. She climbed Mt. Kilimanjaro. / She wrote a book. / She set up a charity and visited the people in Laos who helped her.

D 2, 4

E 1. …to prepare FBI agents for crisis situations; why

2. By consciously slowing down the breath…; how

3. With training…; how

4. …to calm my breathing…; why

5. Every morning…; when

F Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. To be “thrown into adversity,” she unexpectedly had to deal with a crisis situation. To “come out on the other end,” she was able to survive the difficult experience.

2. Her experience was a gift because it taught her to be grateful for everything in life.

G Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 Both became calm in the face of fear, and both were able to survive as a result. / Both were able to use their training or experience to help them get through challenges. / Both never gave up in spite of the situations they faced.

Writing

EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH

A 1. a

2. c

3. b

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING

B 1. had just completed

2. arrived

3. had received

4. had been hiking

5. had fallen

6. was snowing

7. was making

8. sat

9. got

10. had learned

C 1. had climbed / had been climbing, decided (Note: The meaning of the sentence is slightly different depending on the verb form of climb.

The past perfect can be used here to refer to a past state (climbing together). The past perfect continuous emphasizes the duration of an

ongoing past event.)

2. had attempted, succeeded

3. was climbing / had been climbing, hit (Note: The meaning of the sentence is slightly different depending on the verb form of climb.

The past continuous shows an ongoing past event that was interrupted. The past perfect continuous shows an ongoing past event that stopped after a certain point in the past.)

4. had been waiting, got

WRITING SKILL

D 1. first person

2. being in a bus crash

3. a. Laos; b. back and ribs; c. control her breathing; d. an aid worker; e. seven hours

4. After surviving and recovering from such a tragic event, she felt that it had made her more grateful about life. / Controlling her breathing kept her calm and alive until help arrived.

5. Paragraph G: when, instantly

Paragraph H: when, then

Paragraph J: eventually, after, when, every morning

E 3

WRITING TASK

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 Michael Andereggen, mountain climber; was climbing Mount Temple in Banff, Canada

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 Introductory Paragraph

 Survivor: Michael Andereggen

 Setting: Mount Temple, Banff National Park

 Conflict: fell 400 feet while mountain climbing

 Thesis Statement: His situation seemed hopeless, but his calm decision making would help save his life.

 Body Paragraphs

 Topic Sentence 1 / Details: Andereggen woke up to find himself alone in the snow; injured, exhausted, no energy to climb

 Topic Sentence 2 / Details: Andereggen saw that the rope he was climbing with was still wrapped around his upper body; rope had saved

him from falling another 600 feet; his position was precarious; he realized he shouldn’t move

 Concluding Paragraph

 Resolution: park employee rescued him

 Summary Statement: Andereggen had learned that day that when your situation seems desperate, simply doing the next right thing can

save your life.

REVISING PRACTICE

1. a, b, c

2. d. Sentence to cross out: Weather conditions on the mountain can change rapidly.

e. He realized that he probably wouldn’t survive another 24 hours in these conditions.

f. Eventually, he heard someone ask, “Are you all right?”

EDITING PRACTICE

1. Wright was traveling in Laos when she was involved in an accident.

2. After the climbers had set up their camps, they began their ascent.

3. Ralf explained later that he was afraid he’d never see Gerlinde again.

4. She had been planning / had planned the climb for many years, and finally got the chance to do it in 2011.

5. Suddenly, Andereggen fell / had fallen 400 feet down the side of the mountain.