RESOURCES ANDDEVELOPMENT   7

THINK AND DISCUSS

Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Having goods to export and sell to other countries can contribute significantly to a country’s economic development.

2. I come from Saudi Arabia. My country has a lot of oil, so it is our biggest money-making resource. However, we are a desert country so we have to import many things as well, such as items made of

metal like cars and machinery.

EXPLORE THE THEME

A 1. The highest concentrations of low-income people are in Africa and some parts of Asia. The highest concentrations of high-income people

are in North America, Europe, and Asia.

2. The economies of most developing countries rely on agriculture, as well as raw materials such as oil, coal, and timber, which are exported or

traded to developed countries. Most developed countries have a more diverse economy with many different sectors.

B crops, livestock, economic

Reading

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. annual

2. distinct

3. investment

4. revenue

5. prosper

6. thereby

B 1. orientation

2. associate

3. denied

4. Evolutionary

5. Tensions

6. minority

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. To live well in this country, I think you need at least $50,000 per year.

2. I am from India. Most people associate my country with its cuisine and Bollywood movies. In recent decades, India has also become known for

its tech companies.

DEVELOPING READING SKILLS

A Annotations will vary. Students should have highlighted the following main ideas:

How did one continent come to embody such extremes? (Paragraph A)

Geography and history go a long way toward providing the explanations. (Paragraph B)

Students should have highlighted the following

supporting details:

… it has a thick tropical core lying between one thin temperate zone in the north and another in the south. That simple geographic reality explains a great deal about Africa today. (Paragraph B)

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

You could draw arrows to connect main ideas with their supporting details.

C Answers will vary.

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. H

2. C

3. F

4. D

5. B

6. E

7. G

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Paragraph I: The long human presence in Africa led to a spread of dangerous diseases.

2. Paragraph J: The richest countries in Africa lie in the continent’s temperate zone.

3. Paragraph K: Africa has hope because of its diversity and unity and its natural resources.

4. Paragraph L: Disease in Africa can be curbed with better planning and investment in health measures.

5. Paragraph M: If health is improved and corruption is eradicated, Africa’s economy will benefit.

6. Paragraph N: Outside investment is still needed to create a prosperous future for Africa that will be of benefit to the whole world.

C c, d, b, a, f, e

D 1. d; Geography and history go a long way toward providing the explanations. (Paragraph B)

2. e; In effect, Africans enjoyed not just one but three huge head starts over humans on other continents. (Paragraph D)

3. h; The problem is that only a tiny minority of wild plants and animals lend themselves to domestication, and those few are concentrated

in about half a dozen parts of the world. (Paragraph F)

4. b; The continent has a well-deserved reputation for having spawned some of our nastiest ones: malaria, yellow fever, East African sleeping

sickness, and AIDS. (Paragraph I)

5. c; In addition, nearly a third of the countries of mainland Africa (15 out of 47) are landlocked, and the only African river navigable from the ocean for long distances inland is the Nile. (Paragraph J)

6. g; On my own visits to Africa, I’ve been struck by how harmoniously ethnic groups live together in many countries—far better than they do in many other parts of the globe. (Paragraph K)

7. a; Within the past half century, several formerly poor countries in Asia recognized that tropical diseases were a major drain on their economies.

(Paragraph L)

8. f; If the continent can overcome its health problems and the corruption that plagues many of its governments and institutions, then

it could take advantage of today’s globalized, technological world in much the same way that China and India are now doing. (Paragraph M)

E 1. The three “head starts” are: 1. The first protohumans originated in Africa.; 2. The first Homo sapiens originated in Africa.; 3. The first

“behaviorally modern” humans originated in Africa. (Paragraph C)

2. Agriculture meant that early humans could grow food for themselves and didn’t have to rely only on hunting and gathering. (Paragraph E)

3. Not many native plants and animals in Africa were easy to domesticate. (Paragraph F)

4. The animal species in Africa have survived because of the long human presence on the continent. (Paragraph H)

5. Great apes and monkeys are genetically similar to humans so diseases can easily be transferred. (Paragraph I)

6. The countries in the temperate zones are wealthier, while those that are landlocked have struggling economies and often problems with war. (Paragraph J)

7. He says Africa’s resources are abundant and give it great potential. (Paragraph K)

8. Continue to invest in public health measures to control disease, combat corruption, and use technology to be part of the global economy. (Paragraphs L and M)

F Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. 4; probably (Explanation: Ironically, the long human presence in Africa is probably the reason the continent’s species of big animals survive today.)

2. 1; absolutely not (Explanation: I’d answer, “Absolutely not.”)

3. 5; struck by, far better (Explanation: On my own visits to Africa, I’ve been struck by how harmoniously ethnic groups live together in many countries—far better than they do in many other parts of the globe.)

4. 4; many of, abundant (Explanation: But many areas of Africa have an abundance of resources.)

5. 3; If … , (Explanation: If Africa is to head into a bright future, outside investment will continue to be needed, at least for a time.)

Video

BEFORE VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

I know that there are many types of coffee that come from South America and parts of Africa. Maple syrup comes from Canada. Many cheeses come from specific locations, too, such as cheddar cheese.

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. The Geographic Indication label is awarded to products that are unique to the location where they are produced. They are a kind of mark of authenticity.

2. In my country, some products that might have a G.I. label include dates and nuts. A specific type of date and also some nuts come from trees only found in the region where I am from.

C 1. yield

2. aroma

3. notion

AFTER VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answer:

I think the price will increase, but the label guarantees that the product is of high quality. If consumers know the quality is good, they will be

willing to pay a higher price.

Writing

EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH

A 1. native

2. undergo

3. span

4. shape

5. concentrated

6. temperate

7. tropical

8. latitudes

9. mainland

B 1. suggests, states; feels is not suitable as it is not a word used to give a direct quote; informs and tells do not fit grammatically—both words require a direct object

2. Answers will vary. Possible answers: explains, remarks, observes, comments

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. According to Diamond, “Entire species may have been exterminated before they had time to learn to beware of hunters.”

2. As Diamond says, “I’ve been struck by how harmoniously ethnic groups live together in many countries—far better than they do in many

other parts of the globe.”

3. Diamond argues that the health problems in Africa can be improved with proper planning and financial support.

4. Diamond believes that investment in healthcare and local development are the keys to helping Africa.

WRITING SKILL

D Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. farming solutions in Africa; African agriculture production; issues with farming in Africa

2. African language; what languages are spoken in Africa?

3. international development in Africa; examples of successful financial aid to Africa

E The better version is option a. Option b misinterprets the information in the original text by suggesting that slavery reduced the

population by 50 percent. Option a is correct because it suggests, as in the original text, that the slave trade restricted the growth of the African

population.

F Answers will vary.

WRITING TASK

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Thesis Statement:

Japan’s geography has helped contribute to the country’s economy, brought the country international renown, and influenced the unique

culture there today.

Body Paragraph 1

Topic Sentence: The many hot spring areas in Japan, due to the country’s volcanoes, have helped fuel the economy through tourism.

Details: over 100 active volcanoes; hot spring towns throughout the country; local and foreign tourism; ryokan

Body Paragraph 2

Topic Sentence: As an archipelago, Japan became a country that heavily relied on fishing, and over the years the perfection of this trade has brought Japanese international renown.

Details: Japanese cuisine is a cultural heritage; sushi is loved worldwide; Tsukiji is considered the best fish market in the world.

Body Paragraph 3

Topic Sentence: As a smaller, isolated island country, Japan had to rely on trade with China and Korea, which led to an exchange of ideas as

well that shaped the Japanese culture.

Details: language; Buddhism

Notes for conclusion: Japan’s geographical makeup as an archipelago with many volcanoes shaped its history extensively.

REVISING PRACTICE

1. b, c, a

2. a. According to the Public Utilities Board (PUB), …

b. Rogers claims / According to Rogers, “Every country ….”

c. Has Having a rain forest climate, ….

EDITING PRACTICE

Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. “To photograph,” says Susan Sontag, “is to confer importance.”

2. According to Griffiths, photography has influenced our notion of what is beautiful.

3. Diamond asks, “What’s the best case for Africa’s future?”

4. As Kolbert says that, “Probably the most obvious way humans are altering the planet is by building cities.”

UNIT REVIEW

1. Answers will vary. Possible answers: centers on individual survival; families and communities make their own clothes, housing, and household goods; raise their own livestock and grow crops; economies

rely on agriculture and/or trading raw materials

2. Answers will vary. Possible answers: more funding for local development; better healthcare

3. Answers will vary. Possible answers: According to Diamond, “…”; As Diamond says, “…”; Diamond says/explains/believes/argues that …

4. Answers will vary.