SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS  1

THINK AND DISCUSS

Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Other animals that live in social groups include mammals such as horses, lions, elephants, wolves, dolphins, and whales; fish; insects such as bees, ants, and wasps; birds such as penguins, geese, and sparrows.

2. Many animals stay with their families when they are young, as humans do. Many animals take care of and protect others in their social groups. Animals that live in groups fight sometimes, just like humans.

EXPLORE THE THEME

A 1. monkeys and apes

2. Both humans and other primates communicate and use tools. Both also live in social groups where they care for one another and take care of their young.

B treat; interact; care for

Reading 1

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. conflict

2. behavior

3. aggressive

4. motivation

5. criticize

6. ambitious

7. status

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I’m not very ambitious. I prefer to have fewer responsibilities and more free time at work. / I think I’m rather ambitious. I get a sense of

achievement whenever I accomplish challenging goals.

2. If an aggressive coworker yelled at me in a meeting, I would try to act calmly. But afterward, I would probably feel negatively toward that person.

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Employees cooperate when working in teams, when finding a solution to a problem, when supporting the company to succeed, etc.

2. Primates cooperate by sharing food, by protecting each other from predators, by helping to take care of babies together, etc.

D Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Both humans and wild primates can sometimes get into a conflict. Humans also work together in teams, like primates in the wild. Humans in the office may also compete with one another, which is similar to primate behavior in the jungle.

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1, 4 (See Paragraphs B and C.)

B (See Paragraph C.)

1. cooperate

2. conflict

3. networking

4. hierarchies

5. aggressive

C office workers: a, i

wild apes: e, f, h, j

Both: b, c, d, g

D Cooperation versus Conflict: Chimps spend about 5 percent of the day being aggressive, but 15 to 20 percent of the day grooming each other.

(See Paragraph C.)

The Value of Networking: Research by Frans de Waal, a primatologist, shows that chimps often use their networking skills to strengthen their

social status or to get ahead. (See Paragraph D.)The Importance of Hierarchies: Young people speak softly and avoid eye contact; young chimps make themselves look smaller. (See Paragraph F.)

The Limits of Aggression: Human employees lose motivation and quit if treated aggressively; aggressive apes chase other apes away. (See

Paragraph G.)

E Answers will vary. Possible answer: Adding an example from a specific case study could help strengthen the quote in The Value of Networking.

F 1. useful (Paragraph H: …is more beneficial for both humans and primates.)

2. competing (Paragraph E: They see a main rival sitting…)

3. frightened (Paragraph G: People sometimes shout or intimidate others…)

4. connected to (Paragraph D: They create tight social bonds…)

G Answers will vary. Possible answers: I speak politely when talking to my boss at my part-time job. / I once had an aggressive coworker who got promoted! Nobody liked him, but he was rewarded by the company.

DEVELOPING READING SKILLS

A 1. S; 2. S; 3. S; 4. (extra); 5. M

B how: 1; what: 3; why: 2

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 Main Idea 1: Although cooperation is more common in groups, both humans and other primates sometimes use conflict in order to gain

status.Supporting Ideas: People sometimes shout or intimidate others to make a point or win an argument.; Apes show aggression by pounding

their chests, screeching, or hitting trees.

OR

 Main Idea 2: However, Conniff notes that conflict does not gain long-term success for either species.

 Supporting Ideas: When bosses criticize their employees, treat them unfairly, or make their working lives difficult, employees become

stressed, lose motivation, and quit their jobs.; When apes are aggressive, they chase other apes away.

Video

BEFORE VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answer: The elephants need someone to feed them and interact with them.

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. In some cultures, products made from ivory are thought to have special significance. / Some people are unaware of the illegal hunting of

elephants for the purpose of collecting ivory.

2. Stricter laws can be set to reduce poaching. / Governments and organizations could make people more aware of the illegal ivory trade and discourage them from buying ivory products.

C 1. maternal

2. slaughter (Note: The word slaughter usually refers to killing in an especially violent or cruel way.)

3. caretaker

4. reintroduction

WHILE VIEWING

A c

B 1. milk / food / social interaction / play

2. The caretakers stay with the elephants 24 hours a day. / Blankets are used to mimic maternal warmth.

3. Both human babies and elephant babies like to play; they ignore your warnings about what not to do and where not to go; and both also need

social interaction to feel safe.

AFTER VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. The elephants will face many dangers when they are reintroduced to the wild.

2. The Trust may help prevent poaching by educating others about the existence of baby elephants that have been orphaned because of

poachers, but the video does not mention any specific efforts made to stop poachers directly.

B Answers will vary. Possible answers: Both primates and elephants share with humans a need for social interaction. / Both live in social groups or families.

Reading 2

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. generally

2. intense

3. extended family

4. social structure

5. gender (Note that gender mostly refers to social and cultural aspects of being male or female, not to biological sex.)

6. establish

7. discipline

8. observe

9. replace

10. previously

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Establishing a routine can help me with time management and help reduce stress in my life.

2. Some benefits of living in an extended family include having a lively household and having people to help take care of each other. Some

drawbacks include lack of privacy and maybe more family arguments!

C a

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. b; 2. a; 3. a

B Paragraph D: M: (the) power, S2: during the day / every day, S3: their mate/mates

Paragraph E: M: separate groups, S1: family male, S2: invite

Paragraph F: M: replaced, S: stay on

C 1. status (See Paragraph C.)

2. Older males / Older male elephants (See Paragraph C.)

3. family male / primary male (See Paragraph D.)

4. grandfather (See Paragraph F.)

5. active play / climbing, jumping, etc. (See Paragraph H.)

6. motherhood (See Paragraph I.)

D 1. study / research study

2. primatologist

3. caretaking

4. 14; a hundred

E Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Yes, I think it is convincing because the study was done for 14 years and involved many different observations of the same behavior.

2. I think the gelada study is the most convincing because there are many examples of the kind of behavior being explained.

F 1. pecking order (Paragraph C: “in dry years, the strict pecking order they establish benefits…”)

2. mimicked/mimics/was mimicking (Paragraph H: Kanyawara chimps played with sticks mimicked…)

(Note: The spelling of the verb mimic changes depending on form: mimic, mimics, mimicked, mimicking)

3. offspring (Paragraph D: …eight adult females, their offspring, and…)

4. in captivity (Paragraph G: …rhesus monkeys often play with dolls in captivity.)

G chimpanzees: hierarchy is important, forming social bonds is important

elephants: females control the group, hierarchy is important, forming strong bonds is important

geladas: females control the group, forming social bonds is important (See Explore the Theme for importance of primate social bonds.)

Writing

EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH

A 1. S

2. S

3. D

4. S

5. D

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING

B 1. both

2. Similarly

3. In contrast

4. Likewise

5. Unlike

C 1. In contrast,

2. Likewise, / Similarly,

3. , while / , whereas

4. , on the other hand,

5. Similarly, / Likewise,

D Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Forming social bonds is important for both elephants and primates.

Elephants live in a matriarchal family. Similarly, gelada families are led by females.Unlike female elephants, female chimpanzees don’t necessarily have the most power in their family group.

WRITING SKILL

E 1. a difference

2. their relationships with humans

3. a. One way that dogs and wolves differ is in their relationships with humans.

b. Dogs are generally friendly and helpful around humans.

c. Wolves, on the other hand, are shy and fearful of humans.

d. For example, dogs helped early humans hunt.

e. One reason for this is that wolves are generally afraid of anything that is unfamiliar.

WRITING TASK

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Animal: elephant

Notes: strict social hierarchy, cooperation over conflict, matriarchal, travel together, young ones stay with mothers for a long time

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Thesis Statement: Elephants and humans are similar in some ways, but different in others. They both form important social bonds with others,

but they differ in terms of social structures.

Body Paragraph 1

Topic Sentence: In both elephant herds and human families, social bonds are key.

Supporting Ideas/Details: Elephants stay with their mothers for many years, as humans do; older male elephants teach younger males, etc.

Body Paragraph 2

Topic Sentence: Unlike humans, elephants tend to interact mostly with those of the same gender.

Supporting Ideas/Details: Adult female elephants cooperate to raise families together; adult male elephants live in groups with other males.

REVISING PRACTICE

c, d, a, b

EDITING PRACTICE

1. The use of tools among gorillas is similar to the use of tools among chimpanzees.

2. Dogs are not capable of using language. In contrast, some apes are able to communicate using human sign language.

3. Horses help farmers by pulling carts. Likewise, dogs help by herding sheep.

4. Cats in the wild have to hunt for food. House cats, on the other hand, get their food from humans.

5. Chimpanzee mothers and daughters form strong bonds. Similarly, adult female elephants form close relationships with young females in the family.