THE TRAVEL BUSINESS  5

THINK AND DISCUSS

Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Tourism can bring a lot of money into a city, which can then be used to improve the city and its services.

2. Tourism can cause overdevelopment in rural areas as towns or small cities build places to accommodate tourists. Natural areas may be destroyed in the process of this development.

EXPLORE THE THEME

A Answers will vary. Possible answer:

1. I think the cities all have fantastic food, really interesting culture, and great shopping. Many people also travel there for business.

2. Mass tourism injects a lot of money into a local economy, which in turn can be used to make the infrastructure of a city or town better for its residents and visitors.

B maintain; economy; distinctive (Note that it is easy to mix up the adjectives distinctive and distinct because they are used in rather similar

ways. Something that is distinctive has a quality that makes it stand out from others, whereas distinct is used to describe something that is

separate or different.)

Reading 1

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. earn a living

2. partnership

3. alternative

B 1. b

2. a

3. a

4. b

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I am from Hokkaido, Japan. Tourists come to Hokkaido to ski in winter, but actually I think our most distinctive attraction is our many flower fields in summer. There aren’t many open, flat places in Japan, so Hokkaido offers a unique experience.

2. My city government preserved a historic post office by turning it into a museum.

D Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Positive effects: The money that people pay for their tours may help protect the natural areas; People learn about why it is important to protect a natural place and help spread the word, etc.

Negative effects: Tourists may damage a place, even if not intentionally. So mass tourism can harm an ecosystem; Too many people in a natural place takes away from its beauty and specialness, etc.

E Answers will vary. Correct answer: Geotourism aims to preserve the geographic character of a place.

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 2, 3, 5 (See Paragraphs D and E.)

B 2 (See Paragraph F.);

3 (See Paragraph G.);

4 (See Paragraph H.);

5 (See Paragraph I.)

(Note that the interview questions provide enough information to identify where each main idea is located.)

C 1. d (See Paragraph E.)

2. b (See Paragraph F.)

3. a (See Paragraph G.)

4. c (See Paragraph I.)

D Advantages of Geotourism: local economy / local community; nature and culture / history and culture; geographical diversity / historic places

Disadvantages of Mass Tourism: the local economy; understanding; lose

E Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Promoting geotourism may require governmentfunded advertising. This money could be better used in direct preservation efforts. / Geotourism is still a form of tourism. Tourism changes local places and negatively affects the environment.

2. I agree with the writer’s argument. While mass tourism may have financial benefits, the negative impact is too great to ignore. We need to change the way we travel around the world. (Note that this question refers to the views presented in Paragraphs C and D, not to the interview with Jonathan Tourtellot.)

DEVELOPING READING SKILLS

A 1. As ecotourism can bring many benefits, many local and national governments are researching ways to preserve their distinctive natural areas.

2. In Costa Rica, for example, an interest in developing ecotourism led to the creation of several national parks and reserves where wildlife is protected.

3. The creation of national parks and reserves requires large numbers of skilled workers.Consequently, many people who are out of

work may become employed.

4. The government of Costa Rica created a successful international ecotourism marketing campaign. As a result, tourism to the country

increased dramatically.

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Cause: Many of the systems that support mass tourism are often owned and run by companies based outside the tourist areas.

2. Cause: Tourists have little or no contact with local people.

3. Effect: Travelers have a broader understanding of the area’s history and culture.

4. Effect: The money helps local people earn a living and protects the area.

C 1. Much of the money made from this type of tourism does not, therefore, benefit the local economy.

2. inferred from context (Explanation: …with mass tourism, visitors do not usually have much contact with the local people. This limits their

understanding…)

3. As a result, these travelers have a broader…

4. inferred from context (Explanation: …the money they spend stays in the local community. This helps local people earn a living…)

Video

BEFORE VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answer:

The animals don’t see humans as a threat. / The area where animals live might become smaller.

B 1. There are thousands of (animal and plant) species, many of which are unique to the islands.

2. Darwin’s study of the animals led to the conclusion that animals adapt to their environments. This observation influenced his famous theory of evolution.

C 1. revenue

2. contaminant

3. ruin

4. wake-up call (Note: This meaning here of wake-up call is figurative. The literal meaning of wake-up call refers to a phone call that a hotel makes to a hotel guest to wake them up in the morning.)

WHILE VIEWING

A 1, 3, 4

B 1, 3, 4, 5

AFTER VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

I agree with the second statement. As long as efforts are being made, I think tourism is OK. With local cooperation and help from international

organizations, I think the situation on the islands is going to improve. And the money from tourism is helping to fund all these efforts.

B Adopting a geotourism approach may help the Galápagos Islands, as the approach helps preserve the natural environment and support

local businesses.

Reading 2

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. objective

2. comfort

3. awareness

4. renewable

5. vital

6. enriching

7. official

8. landmark

9. spiritual

10. ecological

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

I went to Canada last summer. My objective was to learn English, but the best part of my trip was meeting so many great people, especially my

host family. It was an enriching experience.

C Answers will vary. Suggested answers:

1. The reading passage describes natural locations in Ecuador, Nepal, and Australia.

2. Each place has developed successful ecotourism options that are alternatives to mass tourism.

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. b (See Paragraph E: …with two main goals: to give local women opportunities to work in the tourism industry, and to give female trekkers the choice of female guides for greater comfort and security.)

2. a (See Paragraph B: …an ecolodge is a type of hotel that helps local economies and protects the environment.)

3. b (See Paragraph F: The training program includes classes in English, health, and awareness of ecological issues.)

4. a (See Paragraph C: There are ecolodges throughout the country, so visitors can choose to stay in the rain forest, in the mountains, or at an island beach.)

5. c (See Paragraph I: While 74 percent of visitors climbed Uluru in 1990, that number dropped to less than 30 percent by 2015.)

6. c (See Paragraph J: Instead of taking tourists to the top of the rock, tour guides lead tourists around Uluru on paths that Anangu ancestors walked.)

B 1. D

2. B

3. C

4. F–G

5. J

6. E

7. H-I

C 1. livelihood (noun): a way of making money to support oneself or one’s family

2. ambassador (noun): a representative

3. hot spot (noun): a popular location

4. indigenous (adjective): local, native

D Director of the company, Jascivan Carvalho, says that this kind of travel experience can lead to “a deeper, more enriching experience for travelers, and for locals, whose livelihoods improve.”

Answers will vary. Possible answer:

Ecotourism allows visitors to fully experience a

place and provides locals with job opportunities

at the same time.

E Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Ecolodges in Ecuador: built with renewable materials; some are owned by local people, community can sell local products there; visitors get to know geographical diversity of region by staying at different lodges; visitors meet local people, interact with them, and learn about their culture

Adventure Trekking in Nepal: provides opportunities for local women to work in the male-dominated field of trekking; tourists interact

with local guides, visitors learn about culture from guides

Cultural Tours in Australia: respectful of the spiritual significance of the location for local people; indigenous guides are employed; tourists

have a deeper cultural exchange and learn about the place instead of just climbing the rock

F Answers will vary. Possible answer:

Place: Uluru

Reason: The government and tour companies made efforts to encourage tourists to enjoy a destination in a way that protects the place.

Tourists used to come to climb the rock, but now they are coming to learn about the culture and heritage related to the location, and to show their respect for it.

Writing

EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH

A 1. If tourists stay at large international hotels, they often interact less with locals.

2. Tourists don’t necessarily help the local economy if they only eat at chain restaurants.

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING

B 1. Cause: You buy locally made products.

If you buy locally made products, you support the local economy.

2. Cause: Too many people visit them.

If too many people visit forests and beaches, they might be ruined.

3. Cause: The porters are female.

If the porters are female, female trekkers feel more comfortable and safe.

4. Cause: They stay at an ecolodge.

If tourists stay at an ecolodge, they can learn about local customs.

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. mass tourism continues in the Galápagos

2. they can learn more about the culture and customs

3. they learn the local language and interact with people there

4. You will have a more memorable experience

WRITING SKILL

D 3, 4, 1, 2

E c, d, b, a

F Answers will vary. Possible answer:

One positive effect of the redevelopment of Ghana’s Kakum National Park was that it greatly improved the local economy. The park had

suffered for many years from deforestation and lack of investment. In the 1990s, Conservation International formed partnerships to make the park more attractive to tourists. They built a visitors’ center and added restaurants and shops. They also created wildlife exhibitions for people

to experience nature more fully. There is even a special canopy walkway that takes visitors through the treetops of the rain forest. These

improvements had positive financial effects on the community. This is because the project used local materials and employed local people. When the project was finished, there were many more visitors to the park. In 1991, there were fewer than 1000 visitors, but today the park has over 180,000 visitors annually. This increase in tourism continues to bring money into the local economy.

WRITING TASK

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Topic: Ecuador’s ecolodges

Positive Effects: visitors get to learn about the natural environment; support the local community; interact with the local community

Negative Effects: building lodges in natural environments risks harming that environment; possible environmental damage by tourists

B Answers will vary. Possible answer:

Thesis Statement: While there is some concern about building vacation lodges in places of nature, ecolodges have had many positive effects

on small communities in Ecuador.

Effect 1: the building process benefits the local community

Supporting Idea 1 / Details: local people are involved; local labor is used; supports their livelihood

Summary Statement: Ecuador’s ecolodges have brought many positive benefits to local communities.

Final Thought: Ecuador’s successful ecolodges should be used as a model for other tourism destinations around the world.

REVISING PRACTICE

1. c, b, a

2. d. If vacation rentals are empty for days at a time, small grocers and other neighborhood businesses don’t have a lot of customers.

e. Sentence to cross out: Rental companies don’t always know everything about the home or apartment owners’ backgrounds.

f. If there are fewer apartments available, rents tend to go up, forcing people with average incomes to move outside of the city.

EDITING PRACTICE

1. If prices are too high, people might stop traveling.

2. If travel journalists write about the importance of protecting destinations, they might educate tourists.

3. If tourists only eat at chain restaurants, they don’t learn anything about local food.

4. Tourists show disrespect to the local culture if they climb Uluru.

5. Local communities can benefit if tourism promotes local businesses.