5  INSIDE THE BRAIN

THINK AND DISCUSS (page 81)

1. Possible answer: Scientists are studying his brain activity. They might want to study his brain because he’s a Buddhist teacher and artist.

2. Answers will vary.

EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 82–83)

1. Possible answer: The people in these photos are playing chess, running/jogging, juggling, and making pottery. They are doing these activities because they enjoy them, they want to relax, get in shape, and exercise their brains.

2. Possible answers: Chess can improve your memory. Running/jogging can make you feel happier. Pottery can reduce stress.

3. Answers will vary.

4. Possible answer: Doing word and number puzzles, doing yoga, swimming.

Lesson A

VOCABULARY

B (pages 84–85) 1. need; 2. can; 3. will; 4. many;

5. quickly; 6. smallest; 7. feel; 8. couldn’t; 9. good; 10. are

C (page 85)

Nouns: signals; speeds; connections; structure; mood; function

Verbs: controls; generatesAdjectives: tiny; complex

D (page 85)

1. Answers will vary.

2. Possible answer: It can help you understand how to react to what people say and do.

3. Possible answers: happy: smile; show you

understand: nod head; show you agree: nod head

4. Answers will vary.

5. Possible answers: You can control your diet, your attitude, and how much you exercise. You cannot control where you were born or the features you inherited.

LISTENING

A (page 86) Possible answers:

Discussed: learning; neurons; mood; memory

Not discussed: food/taste; brain surgery; intelligence

B (page 86) 1. c; d; 2. c; 3. a

C (page 87) 1. d; 2. b; 3. a; 4. c

D (page 87) Answers will vary.

SPEAKING

A (page 88) Possible answers:

1. to spend; 2. to help; 3. to brush; 4. to remember; to learn; 5. to buy;

 6. to stay; to study; 7. to take; 8. to visit; to go to

B (page 88) Possible answers:

1. When I was a child, I wanted to go to the circus every year.

2. Next year, I plan to take an advanced chemistry course.

3. In this class, I’m learning to use the infinitive after certain verbs.

4. I really hope to get a good job after I graduate.

5. Yesterday, I forgot to bring my wallet with me to the grocery store.

6. I’ve decided not to worry about the little things in life.

7. In the future, I don’t want to forget the details of this time in my life.

8. Next week, I need to register for classes.

D (page 89)

1. Your brain controls everything you do.

2. Your brain generates enough energy to power a light bulb.

3. The activity in your brain never stops.

4. I’m with you on that!

5. Any exercise that makes your heart beat faster can help your mood.

6. Neurons carry the messages around the brain.

F (page 90) Possible answers:

1. should; 2. could; 3. might; 4. Let’s

G (page 90) Answers will vary.

LESSON TASK

A–C (pages 90–91) Answers will vary.

Video

A (page 92) 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c

B (page 92) Possible answer:

The nerve cells are long and thin like wires, and they carry electrical signals like wires do.

C (page 93) 1. the person is acting; 2. nothing to see; 3. see the wires;

4. communicate with each other; 5.slices; 6. millimeter;

7. in sequence; 8. cell

D (page 93)

1. don’t know/have no idea

2. space

3. no meaning (other than to keep track of each object from section to section)

E (page 93)

1. Possible answer: It is difficult because scientists cannot easily examine human brains or do experiments on them.

2. Answers will vary.

3. Possible answers: Is it possible to make conclusions about the human brain from studies on mice brains? Do all human brains have the

same number of “wires”?

Lesson B

LESSON B: VOCABULARY

B (page 95) Possible answers:

There are many different kinds of love. There is the strong emotion we feel when we fall in love. There is the attachment between parents and children, and the quiet feeling of security that develops slowly in long-term relationships, when couples are together for many years.

Your brain knows the difference between romantic love and other attachments. When we’re in love, the amount of a brain chemical called dopamine increases. This increase gives us the extra energy we feel when we’re in love.

On the other hand, an increase in dopamine can make the brains of people in love similar to the brains of people with OCD—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. People with OCD cannot stop thinking about something, and these thoughts can cause compulsive behaviors—actions the person cannotcontrol, such as washing the hands again and again.

Similarly, people who are in love often cannot stop thinking about the person they are in love with. Both kinds of people may find it difficult to function normally because of their thoughts.

Fortunately, this “lovesickness” is a short-term condition. With time, strong romantic feelings decrease, and we can concentrate on “real life”

again. As time passes, couples have higher levels of oxytocin—a brain chemical connected with calm feelings of happiness and trust.

So is love only a matter of brain chemistry? In fact, while chemicals do affect the way we feel, psychological factors are also important. We might be attracted to someone who likes the same things we like, for example, or someone who makes us feel safe and secure.

C (page 95) 1. long-term; 2. similar; 3. attachment;

4. concentrate; 5. emotion; 6. function;

7. psychological; 8. romantic; 9. short-term; 10. security

LISTENING

A (page 96) Answers will vary.

B (page 96) 1. function normally; 2. can last; 3. think

about; 4. chemical

C (page 96) 1. F (The memory process has three

steps.); 2. F (Memories become stronger when they

travel down the same pathway many times.); 3. T;

4. F (Emotions are a result of our past experiences,

nature, and chemicals.); 5. F (The level of dopamine

in our brains increases when we fall in love.)

D (page 97)

Step 1: information, senses

Step 2: to use, short-term, to answer

Step 3: to remember, brain, important, long-term

E–F (page 97) Answers will vary.

LESSON B: SPEAKING

A–D (pages 98–99) Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK

A–E (pages 99–100) Answers will vary.