MEDICAL INNOVATIONS  8

THINK AND DISCUSS

 Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Hospitals have become more sterile. / Pain treatment has become more effective. / Vaccines have eradicated some diseases.

2. Medical care will become cheaper and more universally accessible. / Cancer will be cured. / The common cold will be cured. / Technology will help prevent disease before it happens.

EXPLORE THE THEME

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I think Louis Pasteur’s discovery about germs was the most important because it changed how we live every day, how medicine is practiced, and how hospitals are run. Also, there is still so much to learn about bacteria, so microbiology is a very important field of medical research today.

2. Diabetes is a major problem in the world today. These days wearable technology that measure a person’s blood sugar levels is available. It uses Bluetooth to upload information so users can check their levels on their smartphone or other devices.

B method; manage to; pioneer (Note that manage has several meanings: here it means to be able to (do something), but the verb manage can also mean to be in charge of something).

Reading 1

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. existing

2. concept

3. general

4. spread

5. compile

6. civilization

7. manual (Note: the adjective manual has a different meaning; it refers to something being done by hand.)

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I never read the manual. I always just turn the device on and start playing with it because usually I can figure out how it works this way.

Sometimes I also check online for user videos.

2. Taking notes in an organized fashion is one method I use to learn new concepts. I use visuals such as a mind map to organize my ideas. Before

a test, I rewrite my notes in different ways in order to remember them better.

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 Medical practitioners probably passed on knowledge by teaching each generation through apprenticeships, and by maintaining an oral history. When written language became more common, maybe manuals helped spread medical knowledge.

D Answers will vary. Correct answer: a

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. Córdoba / Spain

2. royal court

3. pioneer

4. (medical) knowledge

5. surgery

B 1. d (Explanation: From his medical bag, he takes out a tool that he made himself—a pair of forceps with a semicircular end designed to pull the fetus from the mother.)

2. e (Explanation: During his long career, he compiled huge amounts of medical knowledge based on existing texts and his own experience.)

3. b (Explanation: This work was a 30-volume collection of all medical knowledge available at the time.)

4. a (Explanation: There was only a single handwritten copy of Al-Tasrif. It was almost lost during an attack on the area in 1010…)

5. c (Explanation: Al-Zahrawi’s legacy can still be seen in many of the techniques and tools used in modern hospitals.)

C 1. b (See Paragraphs A–C.)

2. b (Explanation: Examples of verbs that appeared at the beginning of the passage are is, has, sees, and takes.)

3. c

D a, f, d, c, b, e

E Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. treatment for head injuries / treatment for spinal injuries / techniques for amputating a limb / information about various surgical instruments

and tools (See Paragraphs E–F.)

2.The book had the first ever pictures of surgical instruments. (See Paragraph F: The work also includes the world’s first illustrations of surgical instruments, such as knives, scissors, and forceps.)

3. Catgut was used for sewing up a patient after surgery. It was useful because it dissolved naturally. (See Paragraph F: One of Al-Zahrawi’s

most important inventions was the use of catgut for sewing up a patient internally after surgery. Catgut is a strong substance that can dissolve naturally in the body.)

4. The only handwritten copy of Al-Tasrif was almost destroyed in an attack in 1010. (See Paragraph G: There was only a single handwritten copy of Al-Tasrif. It was almost lost during an attack on the area in

1010, when many buildings and documents were destroyed.)

5. After the text was translated into Latin and printed, its contents became more widely known. (See Paragraph H: The printed translation spread Al-Zahrawi’s knowledge throughout Europe.)

F Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I think much of modern medicine would be different today, especially surgery and surgical tools.

2. Charles Darwin’s book on evolution had a major impact on science as it explained natural selection and how species naturally evolve.

DEVELOPING READING SKILLS

A 1. P

2. A

3. P

4. A

B 1. b (Explanation: The agent is Al-Zahrawi.)

2. a, c

3. c (Explanation: The agents are most likely doctors and medical students.)

4. a (Explanation: We can’t infer the agent(s) from the context.)

Video

BEFORE VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answer:

 Health apps on smartphones can help monitor a person’s heart rate, quality of sleep, etc. which could be useful medical data.

B not enough proper medical facilities located near people, medical treatment is too expensive for many people

C 1. monitor

2. diagnose (Note: The noun form, diagnosis, is also commonly used.)

3. process

WHILE VIEWING

A 1, 3, 4

B 1. attachment

2. “malaria”

3. (diagnostic) test

4. user

5. captures / processes

6. result (Explanation: See video from 1:19)

AFTER VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 Cell phones could help patients keep track of the medicine they take. / Patients could use their cell phones to take pictures of skin conditions or other symptoms and send these pictures to doctors at a hospital far away to get a preliminary diagnosis. / Doctors and patients could also stay in touch about care and maintenance for a disease using cell phones.

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 The data provided by the app could be used to trace outbreaks of an infectious disease, and help warn people. It could also be used to identify the most badly affected areas, and then direct aid organizations or medical volunteers to those specific locations to offer help.

Reading 2

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. seek

2. take place

3. inventive

4. experimental

5. artificial

6. replacement

7. breakthrough

B 1. survival

2. decline

3. reject

C Answers will vary. Possible answer:

 I read online about a recent breakthrough in Alzheimer’s research. Scientists found a connection between Alzheimer’s disease and gut

bacteria. It’s still a new finding, but it might lead to some experimental ways to treat or possibly prevent Alzheimer’s.

D Answers will vary. Correct answer: a

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. cells

2. prosthetics / (organ) transplants / body parts

3. experimental

4. human

5. nanoshells

6. leaking / leaking out

7. cancer

8. side effects

B 1, 3

C Scientist(s): e, b, a, c, d

 Innovation: long-term; sheep; implant;

blood vessels / arteries; healthy tissue

D a. 6

b. 1

c. 3

d. 2

e. 5

f. 4

E Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. improved / made it better

2. isn’t a lot / is not enough / is too little

3. phrase it differently / describe it differently / say it using different words / rephrase it / reword it

4. join them / put them back together / connect them together again

F 1. These parts

2. donor organs

3. doctors

4. nanoshells

G Both catgut and nanoshells can be used in surgeries to sew up patients internally.

Writing

EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH

WRITING SKILL

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

a. 4 (Explanation: It’s a newspaper, but readers should beware since it has a political leaning. Also, its focus is not specifically on medicine or

nutrition.)

b. 3 (Explanation: While it’s good to get a professional’s opinion, a blog is often not factchecked in the way that a newspaper is, so blogs can be a source of misinformation.)

c. 2 (Explanation: The information is not very up-todate, but the source is reliable and has no other purpose other than informing the public.)

d. 1 (Explanation: The site is trustworthy and up to date, and its contributors are currently working in the field of medicine or nutrition.)

e. 5 (Explanation: The site’s main purpose is to sell a product, so all the information on the site may be written to convince readers to buy the product.)

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING

B 1. a

2. b

3. a

C 1. “…understand urbanization in isolation from economic development.”

2. “…possibilities for doing things that interest them.”

3. “…were the first to disappear.”

D 1. As Lampl (n.d.) explains…

2. According to The Future of Diagnosis (2016)…

3. …about their condition” (Maple, 2018, para. 10).

WRITING TASK

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 regenerative body replacements and organs, nanoshells for surgery and cancer treatment, cell phone technology for malaria and tuberculosis

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

 Innovation: Aydogan Ozcan’s cell phone technology for infectious disease diagnosis

 Thesis Statement: Ozcan and his research team have developed a way to turn regular cell phones into diagnostic tools.

Body Paragraphs

 Topic Sentence 1: Ozcan’s invention is important because it is very accurate and easy to use.

 Details: Not reliant on trained healthcare workers, scans can be sent to a central hospital

 Topic Sentence 2: Another reason that Ozcan’s invention is important is that it is inexpensive.

 Details: only need cell phone and Internet connection; $10 of hardware, possibly even cheaper in future

 Concluding Paragraph

 Summary Statement: By making use of existing technology—cell phones—Ozcan and his team have invented a medical tool that is accurate and easy to use.

 Final Thought: Ozcan’s simple tool might one day save the lives of millions of people all over the world.

REVISING PRACTICE

1. b, a, c

2. d. This turns the cell phone into a “mobile medical lab with the capability to test and diagnose diseases” (Ward, 2012).

e. As Eisenberg (2009) points out, …

EDITING PRACTICE

1. Lampl (2017) points out that a 3-D-printed hand costs 40 pounds, or about the “same price as an adult ticket for a ride on the London Eye” (para. 10).

2. Root (2018) believes that health workers need to calm down patients who have “read too much about medical conditions online” (para. 4).

3. Science blogger Anna Chung (2018) says that regenerative medicine has “completely changed the game” when it comes to organ

transplantation (para. 7).

4. According to What’s New in Medicine (n.d.), research shows that “even though about 99.9 percent of the DNA between two individuals

is identical” (para. 1).