UNIT 9 VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES
The Present Perfect
The Present Perfect Continuous
Reading 1
COMPREHENSION page 227
1. F; 2. T; 3. F
THINK ABOUT IT page 227
Answers will vary.
9.1 The Present Perfect—Forms
EXERCISE 1 page 228
1. has made; 2. has; 3. become; 4. have been; 5. have done; 6. Have;
4. gone; 8. used; 9. has made; 10. have given; 11. Have; 12. posted;
12. Have; 14. mentioned; 15. ’ve; 16. let; 17. have broken; 18. stolen;
19. have gotten; 20. has been; 21. Have; 22. been
9.2 The Past Participle
EXERCISE 2 page 230
1. want, wanted, wanted, S 2. be, was/were, been, D
3. grow, grew, grown, D 4. know, knew, known, D
5. steal, stole, stolen, D 6. return, returned, returned, S
7. become, became, become, D 8. notice, noticed, noticed, S
9. add, added, added, S 10. change, changed, changed, S
11. make, made, made, S 12. have, had, had, S 13. go, went, gone, D
14. do, did, done, D 15. think, thought, thought, S 16. tell, told, told, S
17. choose, chose, chosen, D 18. break, broke, broken, D
19. get, got, gotten, D 20. live, lived, lived, S
EXERCISE 3 page 230
1. eaten; 2. gone; 3. seen; 4. looked; 5. studied; 6. brought;
7. taken; 8. said; 9. been; 10. found; 11. given; 12. left;
13. lived; 14. known; 15. liked; 16. fallen; 17. felt; 18. come;
19. broken; 20. worn; 21. let; 22. grown; 23. driven;
24. written; 25. put; 26. begun; 27. wanted; 28. gotten;
29. flown; 30. drunk
EXERCISE 4 page 231
1. ’ve read; 2. ’ve used; 3. Have, done; 4. Has, been; 5. has known;
6. Have, finished; 7. ’s been; 8. have stolen; 9. have gone; 10. Has, had
EXERCISE 5 page 232
1. How has Google changed the way people search?
2. Which ones have you used?
3. Why haven’t they finished their graduate degree?
4. How much money have they made?
5. How long has he/Brin been in the United States?
6. Why haven’t you been careful about Internet security in coffee shops?
7. Why has Internet security become a big problem?
8. How much money have hackers/they stolen from banks?
ABOUT YOU page 232
Answers will vary. Question are as follows:
1. Has Internet security been a problem for you?
2. Which music apps have you used? 3. Have you tried VR?
4. What has changed in the last 20 years?
9.3 The Present Perfect with an Adverb
EXERCISE 6 page 233
1. You have probably used your laptop in a coffee shop.
2. I have already installed an anti-virus program. / I have installed an anti-virus program already.
3. We have never heard of Larry Page.
4. Page and Brin have always been interested in search technology.
5. You have probably used Google.
6. He hasn’t even finished his college degree.
7. I have already read the article about Internet security./ I have read the article about Internet security already.
Reading 2
COMPREHENSION page 235
1. T; 2. T; 3. F
THINK ABOUT IT page 235
Answers will vary.
9.4 The Present Perfect—Overview of Uses
EXERCISE 7 page 235
1. C; 2. R; 3. C; 4. C; 5. I; 6. I; 7. R; 8. I
9.5 The Present Perfect with Continuation
from Past to Present
EXERCISE 8 pages 236–237
1. since, was; 2. ’ve always wanted; 3. has, since; 4. ’ve been interested, since/ever since; 5. have been, for; 6. has never used; 7. ’ve had, for;
8. How long, have, had; 9. graduated; 10. Since/Ever since, has been
ABOUT YOU page 237
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 9 page 237
1. long; 2. have you had; 3. ’ve had; 4. for; 5. ’ve; 6. had; 7. How;
5. have you been; 9. ’ve been; 10. since; 11. ’ve; 12. written; 13. ’ve;
14. liked
9.6 The Simple Past, the Present Perfect,
the Simple Present
EXERCISE 10 page 238
1. have; 2.’ve/have never heard; 3. do/did you know; 4. ’ve / have known; 5. read; 6. ’s/has been; 7. ’s/has been; 8. used; 9. collected; 10. ’m/am
EXERCISE 11 page 239
1. like; 2. have never heard; 3. Have you been; 4. I haven’t;
5. have you been; 6. came; 7.’s; 8. are; 9. did Puerto Rico
become; 10. fought; 11. won; 12. ’ve had
Reading 3
COMPREHENSION page 241
1. F; 2. T; 3. T
THINK ABOUT IT page 241
Answers will vary.
9.7 The Present Perfect with Repetition
from Past to Present
EXERCISE 12 page 242
1. has helped; 2. has attracted/has had; 3. hasn’t charged;
4. has added; 5. have translated; 6. has appeared/has been;
7. have, used; 8. have, read
EXERCISE 13 page 242
1. chose; 2. has been; 3. interviewed/have interviewed; 4. started; 5. met; 6. haven’t/have not changed; 7. ’ve/have used; 8. went; 9. ’s/has received
EXERCISE 14 pages 242–243
1. have you read; 2. ’ve read; 3. went; 4. read; 5. was; 6. did you carry;
7. carried; 8. downloaded; 9. ’ve spent; 10. has made; 11. ’ve never tried
9.8 The Present Perfect with an Indefnite
Time in the Present
ABOUT YOU page 243
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 15 pages 244–245
1. a. Has your grandmother bought, b. yet, c. yet d. ’s/has gone,
e. already, f. hasn’t decided, g. yet;
2. a. Have you done, b. yet, c. yet, d. ’ve read, e. haven’t decided, f. yet;
3. a. Has your daughter installed, b. yet c. already, d. has;
4. a. Have you read, b. yet; c. have, d. has made, e. Has he made, f. yet, g. ’s/has created, h. have translated, i. Have they translated, j. yet, k. (already) have; 5. a. Have you asked, b. have, c. Have you tried, d. yet, e. already, f. haven’t tried, g. yet
ABOUT YOU page 245
Answers will vary.
9.9 The Present Perfect vs. the Simple Past
EXERCISE 16 pages 246–247
1. a. Have you ever sent, b. haven’t, c. saw, d. sent;
2. a. Have you ever asked, b. have, c. borrowed, d. Have you ever mentioned, e. haven’t, f. Have you ever heard, g. have;
3. a. Have you tried, b. looked, c. Did it help, d. got, e. have you known,
f. told;
4. a. Have you ever heard, b. have, c. did they create, d. worked, e. were, f. put, g. came, h. was;
5. a. Has your computer ever gotten, b. has, c. used, d. Have you ever used, e. have, f. went, g. stole, h. Have you read, i. haven’t, j. haven’t had
Reading 4
COMPREHENSION page 249
1. F; 2. T; 3. T
THINK ABOUT IT page 249
Answers will vary.
9.10 The Present Perfect Continuous—Forms
EXERCISE 17 page 249
1. T; 2. F; 3. F
EXERCISE 18 page 250
1. has been collecting; 2. has been taking; 3. has been using;
1. has been protecting; 5. has been using; 6. has been sending;
7. has been making; 8. has been collecting
EXERCISE 19 pages 250–251
1. has Cyndi been managing; 2. has been growing; 3. has been working;
4. has been lecturing; 5. has been increasing; 6. has the U.S. Census Bureau been keeping; 7. has the U.S. Census Bureau been collecting;
6. Have you been working, have; 9. have been using;
10. has Dr. Wells been studying
9.11 The Present Perfect Continuous—Use
EXERCISE 20 page 252
1. a. Are, b. am, c. have you been studying, d. For;
2. a. Is, b. is, c. How, d. has, e. working, f. Since;
3. a. am, b. have, c. been working, d. ’ve been working, e. for;
4. a. is, b. How, c. has she been using, d. Since; 5. a. Does, b. does, c. long has, d. been collecting, e. For; 6. a. Do, b. do, c. long have they been living, d. were
ABOUT YOU page 253
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 21 page 253
1. long have you been living; 2. ’ve only been; 3. was; 4. left;
5. ’ve been trying; 6. working; 7. for; 8. did you start; 9. started; 10. was; 11. ’ve found; 12. did you find; 13. ’ve been using; 14. since; 15. went; 16. have you found; 17. ’ve found; 18. Have you ever heard; 19. haven’t
REVIEW page 255
1. work; 2. ’ve been working; 3. Have you ever thought; 4. was;
4. ’ve always wanted; 6. was; 7. graduated; 8. haven’t had; 9. work;
7. have you been doing; 11. think; 12. ’ve been using/’ve used;
13. ’ve been working; 14. found; 15. lives; 16. was; 17. came;
18. has lived; 19. doesn’t remember; 20. haven’t found
EDITING PRACTICE pages 256–257
1. have you; 2. C; 3. came; 4. changed; 5. I came; 6. for;
7. ’ve/have been studying; 8. C; 9. C; 10. improved; 11. C; 12. delete;
13. C; 14. haven’t had; 15. haven’t taken; 16. C; 17. C; 18. yet;
19. eaten/been eating; 20. C; 21. ’ve/have been gaining; 22. C;
23. I’ve never taken; 24. C; 25. C; 26. I’ve lived; 27. C; 28. C;
29. How long; 30. have you; 31. ’ve/have been; 32. C
UNIT 10 JOBS
Gerunds
Infinitives
Reading 1
COMPREHENSION page 261
1. F; 2. F; 3. F
THINK ABOUT IT page 261
1. Possible answer: Social media sites, especially ones such as LinkedIn which focus on career networking
2. Answers will vary. Possible answer: I’m a perfectionist. I like things to be just right.
10.1 Gerunds—An Overview
EXERCISE 1 page 262
1. F; 2. T; 3. F
EXERCISE 2 page 262
1. about keeping; 2. of doing; 3. complaining; 4. working; 5. doing;
5. without complaining; 7. communicating with; 8. Saying; 9. to using;
8. of saying; 11. having; 12. recording; 13. at writing; 14. Telling;
15. in getting
10.2 Gerunds as Subjects
EXERCISE 3 page 263
1. Getting; 2. Networking; 3. Selecting; 4. Preparing;
5. Knowing; 6. wearing; 7. Arriving; 8. Feeling
ABOUT YOU page 263
1. Socializing; 2. Calling; 3. Socializing; 4. Arriving; 5. Using;
6. Wearing; 7. Taking; 8. Working; 9. Drinking; 10. Leaving
Answers will vary for circled items.
ABOUT YOU page 264
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 4 page 264
Answers will vary.
10.3 Gerunds as Objects
EXERCISE 5 pages 265–266
1. a. doing, b. finding, c. being; 2. a. talking, b. getting,
c. answering, d. reading; 3. a. wearing, b. shopping,
c. going; 4. a. working, b. discussing; 5. a. saying, b. acting
ABOUT YOU page 266
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 6 page 266
Answers will vary.
10.4 Preposition + Gerund
EXERCISE 7 page 268
1. a. on going, b. about helping, c. about, d. getting;
2. a. of, b. doing, c. about practicing d. in connecting/in talking,
e. for connecting; 3. a. about working b. about being, c. about telling;
4. a. on complaining, b. in hearing
ABOUT YOU pages 268–269
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 8 page 269
1. about practicing; 2. answering; 3. talking; 4. of telling; 5. about turning; 6. on being; 7. staying; 8. about getting; 9. of looking; 10. trying;
11. in finding; 12. getting; 13. for giving
Reading 2
COMPREHENSION page 271
1. T; 2. F; 3. T
THINK ABOUT IT page 271
1. Answers will vary.
2. Possible answers: game room, gym facilities, snacks, offer yoga or other classes
10.5 Infnitives—An Overview
EXERCISE 9 pages 271–272
1. to write; 2. to describe; 3. to read; 4. to present; 5. to use; 6. to describe; 7. to say; 8. to check; 9. to see; 10. to read; 11. to include; 12. to provide; 13. to do; 14. to hire
10.6 Infnitives after Expressions with It
EXERCISE 10 pages 272–273
1. to have; 2. to include; 3. to check; 4. to describe; 5. to write;
6. to practice; 7. to dress; 8. to arrive
EXERCISE 11 page 273
Answers will vary.
10.7 Infnitives after Adjectives
EXERCISE 12 page 274
1. to go; 2. to wait; 3. to have; 4. to help; 5. to answer; 6. to say;
7. to show; 8. to talk
10.8 Infnitives after Verbs
EXERCISE 13 page 275
1. to sleep; 2. to take; 3. to get/to feel; 4. to feel; 5. to go; 6. to work;
7. to be; 8. to have; 9. to hear; 10. to find; 11. to ask
ABOUT YOU pages 275–276
Answers will vary.
10.9 Objects before Infnitives
EXERCISE 14 page 276
1. me to work; 2. him to give; 3. us to go; 4. us to eat; 5. you to eat;
6. her to say
10.10 Infnitives to Show Purpose
EXERCISE 15 page 277
Possible answers:
1. (in order) to look for/find; 2. (in order) to make;
2. (in order) to make/earn; 4. (in order) to improve; 5. (in order) to get;
6. (in order) to get, (in order) to get; 7. (in order) to do;
8. (in order) to make; 9. (in order) to improve/increase
10.11 Infnitives of Gerunds after Verbs
EXERCISE 16 pages 278–279
1. to use/using; 2. wasn’t used to being; 3. sticking; 4. to answer;
5. answering; 6. to answer/answering; 7. working; 8. I’m used to working; 9. to set/setting
REVIEW page 281
1. working; 2. doing; 3. to standing; 4. to work; 5. to be; 6. on doing/to do; 7. to take/taking 8. in working; 9. about working; 10. about helping;
9. to have; 12. to be; 13. to going 14. talking; 15. watching;
16. to understand; 17. to saying; 18. shopping
EDITING PRACTICE page 283
1. planning to be; 2. C; 3. want to be; 4. me to study; 5. starting;
7. Studying; 7. to become; 8. C; 9. advised me to take; 10. for;
11. I used to; 12. helping; 13. to come; 14. it is/ it’s 15. C; 16. C; 17. C
