UNIT 7 ONLINE INTERACTIONS

Adjective Clauses, Descriptive Phrases

Reading 1

COMPREHENSION p183

1. T 2. F 3. T

THINK ABOUT IT p183

Possible answers:

1. Answers will vary for first part. Advantages of shopping

online are:

It is easy and can be done from anywhere. You have more options than you might have in a store. 

Disadvantages: It might take a few days to get the product. The product may not be what you expect when you see it. Clothing or shoes might not fit. It creates a lot

of waste (packaging).

2. Answers will vary.

7.1 Adjective Clauses—Introduction

ABOUT YOU p. 183

Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 1 p. 183

1. T 2. T 3. F

EXERCISE 2 p. 184

1. who 2. which 3. that 4. that, that 5. whose 6. that 7. whose 8. that 9. who 10. where

EXERCISE 3 p. 184–185

1. Amazon was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos, who predicted that the Internet offered an opportunity to make money.

2. Amazon, which is now the largest online retailer, began by selling books.

3. First he made a list of about twenty products that could be sold online.

4. Bezos decided on the name Amazon because it is a place that is “exotic and different.”

5. But a good name is not enough. He needed to hire people whose talents would improve the company.

6. Since many big Internet companies started in a garage, he decided to buy a house that had a garage.

7. He needed money. He went to his parents, whose first response was “What’s the Internet?”

8. Some people thought his parents would lose all the money that they invested.

9. The 1990s was a time when people were just beginning to use the Internet.

10. Bezos created a place where customers could make recommendations to other users.

7.2 Relative Pronoun as Subject

EXERCISE 4 p. 185–186

1. who buys/that buys 2. who buy/that buy 3. who reads/that reads

4. that lost 5. who have created/that have created 6. who understood/that understood7. who believed/that believed 8. that became 9. who bought/that bought 10. that are 11. that help

EXERCISE 5 p. 186

Answers will vary.

7.3 Relative Pronoun as Object

EXERCISE 6 p. 188–189

1. buy, (that) I bought

2. 2. a. (that) I get, b. (that) I don’t know, c. (that) I use, d. (that)

I buy/(that) I bought, e. (that) you use, f. (that) I prefer, g.(that) I need

3. a. (who) you had/(whom) you had/(that) you had, b. (that) I have, c. (that) you give/(that) you’ve given/(that)

you have given/(that) you’re giving/(that) you are giving

4. a. (that) you’ve got/(that) you have got, b. (that) I’ve got/ (that) I have got, c. (that) you had, d. (that) she gave

5. a. (that) you see, b. (that) I rented, c. (that) I’m going to rent/(that) I am going to rent, d. (that) I got/(that) I’ve gotten, e. (who) we find/(whom) we find/(that) we find

7.4 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition

EXERCISE 7 p. 190–191

1. There are several travel websites I’m interested in.

2. There is a new website everyone is talking about.

3. The link you click on will take you to that site.

4. The information you are looking for can be found on that site.

5. Vacation Rentals is not a website I’m familiar with.

6. Finding a vacation home online is not a method I’m accustomed to.

7. The house we decided on is in the mountains.

8. The owner I spoke to was very helpful.

9. There’s one thing I’m sure about: Renting a vacation home is a good deal.

EXERCISE 8 p. 191

1. has vacation rentals (which/that) I’m interested in/has vacation rentals in which I’m interested.

2. (which/that) I’m interested in has three bedrooms/in which I’m interested has three bedrooms. 

3. (who/whom/that) I’m taking a vacation with want to rent

a house/ with whom I’m taking a vacation want to rent a house. 

4. (who/whom/that) I spoke to/to whom I spoke.

5. (that/which) we are responsible for is cleaning the house/for which we are responsible is cleaning the house.

Reading 2

COMPREHENSION p193

1. F 2. T 3. F

THINK ABOUT IT p.193

Answers will vary. 

7.5 Place and Time in Adjective Clauses

EXERCISE 9 p. 193–194

1. when 2. where 3. Ø/when 4. when 5. where 6. when 7. where 8. when

9. Ø/when 10. where 11. when

ABOUT YOU p. 195

Answers will vary.

ABOUT YOU p. 195

Answers will vary.

7.6 Whose in Adjective Clauses

EXERCISE 10 p. 196

1. whose basement was flooded needs new furniture.

2. whose radio broke needs a new one.

3. whose daughter is in the school orchestra needs a violin.

4. whose bicycle was stolen needs one to get to work.

5. whose new apartment is small wants to give away a lot of books.

6. whose laptop doesn’t work anymore needs a new one.

7. whose children are grown now wants to give away their toys.

8. whose kids are starting school needs two backpacks. 

EXERCISE 11 p. 197

1. whose tablet I bought 

2. whose vacation rental I found online

3. whose computer I bought online 

4. whose profile picture I don’t like

5. whose picture I received by e-mail 

6. whose names I accidentally deleted

7. whose picture you see on my page 

8. whose class we’re taking

7.7 Adjective Clauses after Indefnite

Pronouns

EXERCISE 12 p. 197–198

1. (that) I have gotten 2. (that) I need/(that) I needed 3. (that) I’ve bought/(that)I bought 4. who uses, (that) I know 5. (that) you sent

6. (that) you told 7. (that) you saw 8. who/that rents 9. who/that wants 10. who/that has

Reading 3

COMPREHENSION p200

1. F 2. T 3. F

THINK ABOUT IT p200

Answers will vary.

7.8 Nonessential Adjective Clauses

EXERCISE 13 p. 200

1. The first modern computer, which was called ENIAC, took up a lot of space.

2. ENIAC was created in 1942, when the U.S. was involved in World War II.

3. Personal computers, which were introduced in the 1970s, were smaller and faster than previous computers.

4. Reshma Saujani, whose name is not widely recognized, is making a big difference in many women’s lives.

5. Bill Gates went to Harvard University, where he developed the programming language BASIC. 

6. Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard to work with Paul Allen, who was his old high school friend.

7. Bill Gates and his wife, Melinda, set up the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which helps people in need all over the world.

8. Jeff Bezos got money from his parents, who lent him $300,000 to start Amazon.

9. Gina has started to take free classes with Girls Who Code, which started a project at her school.

10. The iMac, which was popular in the 1990s, came in various colors such as grape and blueberry.

11. Apple computers have been popular due to their attractive design, which is often sleek and colorful.

12. The new company is in California, where many tech giants are based.

7.9 Essential vs. Nonessential Adjective

Clauses

EXERCISE 14 p. 201–202

1. OK 2. My father, who texted me a few minutes ago, is sick.

3. OK 4. The Freecycle Network™, which was created in 2003,

helps keep things out of landfills. 5. OK

6. Saujani, whose organization has an impressive website,

has provided help to thousands of girls around the country.

7. OK 8. Meg Whitman, who ran eBay for 10 years, left the

company in 9. Young women can go to the Girls Who Code website,

where there is a lot of useful information. 10. The Windows operating system, which was developed by Microsoft, came out in

11. OK 12. OK 13. The Web, which is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, has changed the way people get information. 14. Bill Gates, who created Microsoft with his friend, became a billionaire. 15. Steve Jobs, who died in 2011, helped create the Apple computer. 16. OK 

EXERCISE 15 p. 202–203

1. eBay, which was started in Pierre Omidyar’s house, is now a large corporation.

2. Reshma Saujani, who thinks there should be more women in computing, runs Girls Who Code.

3. Pierre Omidyar, whose wife became part of the company, started eBay as a hobby.

4. eBay hired Meg Whitman in 1998, when more expert business knowledge was needed to run the company.

5. In 2008, eBay hired John Donahoe, who fired a lot of people.

6. E-mail, which was first created in 1972, did not become popular until the 1990s.

7. Pierre Omidyar, whose idea started to become popular, had to charge money for each sale.

8. Saujani’s focus is on the area of computer science, where few women work at the moment. 

7.10 Descriptive Phrases

EXERCISE 16 p. 204

1. On eBay, people who are living in California can easily sell to people who are living in New York.

2. Google, which is a popular search engine, is used by millions of people.

3. Bill Gates, who is the founder of Microsoft, has set up a foundation to help others.

4. eBay takes a percentage of each sale that is made on its website.

5. Reshma Saujani, who is the head of Girls Who Code, works to improve the position of women in computing.

6. The Girls Who Code website, which is a good source of relevant statistics, is very clearly designed.

7. Saujani wants to change the situation in computer

science, which is a subject she cares deeply about.

8. The number of girls that have been reached by Girls Who Code is very impressive.

9. People who are interested in reading newspapers from other cities can find them on the Web.

10. The World Wide Web, which is abbreviated WWW, was first introduced on the Internet in 1991.

11. The Internet, which was designed in the 1970s, didn’t

attract casual users until Berners-Lee created the Web.

12. Some wealthy people signed a Giving Pledge, which is a promise to give away most of their money in their lifetime.

13. Pierre Omidyar, who is a billionaire, signed the Giving Pledge.

14. Computers that are sold today have much more memory and speed than computers that were sold 10 years ago.

15. Deron Beal, who is from Arizona, created The Freecycle Network™.

EXERCISE 17 p. 204–205

1. Pierre Omidyar, whose father was a professor, came to the U.S. when he was a child.

2. Pierre Omidyar, (who is) from France, wrote his first computer program at age 14.

3. He lived in California, where he started his business.

4. Pierre Omidyar, who started eBay as a hobby in his home, saw a good use for computer technology.

5. BusinessWeek, (which is) a popular business magazine, named Meg Whitman among the 25 most powerful business managers.

6. Meg Whitman resigned from eBay in 2008, when she decided to go into politics.

7. John Donahoe, whom/who Omidyar hired in 2008, got the company out of decline.

8. Bill Gates, who dropped out of Harvard during his second year, started Microsoft at the age of 19.

9. Amazon, (which is) now the largest online retailer, began by selling books.

10. Jeff Bezos’s parents, who had never heard of the Internet, invested money in Amazon.

11. Reshma Saujani wants to see more women in computer science, which is one of the fastest growing employment areas today.

REVIEW p. 207

Part 1

1. that/which 2. who/that 3. when 4. with which5. whose 6. Ø/that/which

7. about which 8. where 9. Ø 10. that/Ø 11. when/during which 12. that 13. where/in which 14. who 15. whose 16. that/Ø

Part 2

1. John Donahoe, who replaced Meg Whitman, saved eBay from decline. 2. In 2008, when John Donahoe came to work at eBay, many top employees were fired. 3. OK 4. Amazon, an online retailer, was created by Jeff Bezos. 5. OK 6. OK 7. OK 8. OK 9. OK

10. Many people confuse the Web with the Internet, which was created in the 1970s. 11. OK

EDITING PRACTICE p. 208–209

1. C 2. who 3. C 4. C 5. parts that needed/parts which needed 6. (that) I don’t want 7. C 8. who lives 9. my friend was taking the picture 10. whose 11. that 12. whose class I’m taking 13. A person who/Anyone who/Whoever

UNIT 8 HELPING OTHERS

Infinitives and Gerunds

Reading 1

COMPREHENSION p.213

1. T 2. F 3. T

THINK ABOUT IT p213 

Answers will vary.

8.1 Infinitives—Overview

EXERCISE 1 p213

1. F 2. T 3. F

EXERCISE 2 p214

1. to work 2. to find 3. to collect 4. to get 5. to finish 6. to think 7. to do 8. To provide 9. to continue 10. finish 11. to emphasize 12. to learn 13. to have 14. to help 15. to teach

8.2 Verbs Followed by an Infinitive

EXERCISE 3 p.215

1. to follow 2. to help 3. to give away 4. to use 5. to get/to persuade 6. to give 7. to get/to persuade 8. to provide

EXERCISE 4 p.215

1. to work 2. to leave 3. to start over 4. to build 5. to die 6. to get 7. to be given 8. to be educated 9. to have 10. to learn

ABOUT YOU p 215 

Answers will vary.

8.3 Object + Infnitive

EXERCISE 5 p. 216–217

1. him to use 2. them to think, them to sign 3. them to suffer, him to do, him to take 4. them to help, me to teach 5. me to volunteer, them to finish 6. me to buy, me to save 7. them to go, them to become

EXERCISE 6 p.217

1. him to teach the children good values. 2. me to help others. 3. them not to forget about other people. 4. them to give to charity. 5. them to be kind to others. 6. you to work hard. 7. us to give money to people in need. 8. her to be generous. 9. me not to be selfish. 10. them to be polite.

ABOUT YOU p.218 

Answers will vary.

8.4 Causative Verbs

EXERCISE 7 p.219

1. to give, to donate 2. do, feel 3. drive 4. buy, to use, save, to give

EXERCISE 8 p.220

1. to give 2. answer 3. tell 4. to contribute 5. pay 6. to volunteer 7. (to) send

8.5 Adjective + Infnitive

EXERCISE 9 p. 220–221

1. to donate 2. to help 3. to do 4. to learn/to find out/to hear 5. to have 6. to ask 7. to help 8. to go 9. to bring/to give 10. to have 11. to have

ABOUT YOU p.221

Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 10 p. 221–222

Possible answers

1. to do 2. to get/to find 3. to work 4. to hire 5. to get/to find 6. stay/sit 7. to save 8. to buy 9. to think 10. to go 11. to pay 12. to make 13. to think 14. (to) learn 15. (to) clean 16. to make 17. feel 18. to be 19. (to) get 20. to be/to become 21. to give

Reading 2

COMPREHENSION p.223

1. T 2. T 3. F

THINK ABOUT IT p.223  

Answers will vary.

8.6 Infinitives as Subjects

EXERCISE 11 p.224

1. to 2. take 3. It was/It is 4. for 5. To 6. costs/cost, to 7. To

EXERCISE 12 p.224

Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 13 p.225

Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 14 p.225

1. It’s a good thing to raise money for charity.

2. It isn’t easy to raise one million dollars./It’s not easy to raise one million dollars./It is not easy to raise one million dollars.

3. It takes a lot of money to fight disease.

4. It’s everyone’s responsibility to help poor people./It is everyone’s responsibility to help poor people.

5. It takes a lot of money to produce high-quality education.

6. It was Carnegie’s dream to build libraries.

7. It was Joyce’s goal to raise money for sick children.

8. It will take time to fight disease in poor countries.

8.7 Infinitives to Show Purpose

EXERCISE 15 p.226

Possible answers

1. learn 2. build 3. get 4. get, get 5. help 6. raise 7. to work/to volunteer 8. to give

8.8 Infinitives with Too and Enough

EXERCISE 16 p.227

1. enough talent 2. too old to learn 3. easy to make 4. too long to make 5. enough time 6. talented enough 7. to make 8. too busy to help 9. too much work to do 10. enough time to help 11. enough money to buy

EXERCISE 17 p.227

1. enough 2. too many 3. too much 4. too 5. enough 6. too much

Reading 3

COMPREHENSION p.228

1. T 2. F 3. T

THINK ABOUT IT p.228

Answers will vary.

8.9 Gerunds—Overview

EXERCISE 18 p.229

1. making 2. advancing 3. working 4. volunteering 5. providing

6. working 7. eliminating 8. being 9. getting 10. living 11. eating

12. providing 13. ending 14. spending 15. having 16. Doing

8.10 Gerunds as Subjects

EXERCISE 19 p.230

Possible answers

1. Giving, underline made 2. Working, underline is not

3. having, underline bothered 4. Getting/Obtaining/Paying for, underline is 5. Having, underline didn’t give 6. Driving/Having/Owning, underline was not 7. Taking/Going on, underline wasn’t 8. Knowing/Feeling, underline was helping 9. Volunteering/Working, underline gives

10. Ending/Stopping, underline is

EXERCISE 20 p.230

Answers will vary.

ABOUT YOU p.230

Answers will vary.

8.11 Gerunds after Prepositions and

Nouns

EXERCISE 21 p.231

1. about (making) 5. to (providing) 7. on (eliminating) 9. in (getting)

12. about (providing) 13. in (ending)

EXERCISE 22 p.231

1. driving 2. helping 3. giving 4. volunteering 5. quitting 6. having 7. building 8. creating 9. signing 10. making, selling 11. providing

8.12 Prepositions after Verbs, Nouns, and

Adjectives

EXERCISE 23 p.234

1. about having 2. for being 3. on working 4. watching 5. to having

6. in gardening 7. of having 8. about volunteering 9. working 10. at giving 11. for giving

ABOUT YOU p.234

Answers will vary.

8.13 Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Possible answers

EXERCISE 24 p. 235–236

1. helping 2. getting/receiving 3. driving/having/owning 4. living

5. working 6. getting/receiving 7. helping 8. working/volunteering

9. making 10. getting/receiving 11. making 12. swimming

8.14 Verbs Followed by a Gerund or Infinitive

EXERCISE 25 p.236

1. Dawson’s parents loved helping others.

2. 2. They hated to see people suffer.

3. Dawson began to work when he was 19 years old.

4. He liked to give away money.

5. He continued working until his 80s.

6. He preferred living in a small apartment.

7. He loved helping students get an education.

EXERCISE 26 p.237

Possible answers

1. being/to be 2. to be/being 3. to work/working 4. to be/being 5. to look/looking 6. to work/working

8.15 Gerund or Infnitive as Subject

EXERCISE 27 p. 237–238

1. Helping others is wonderful.

2. Going to college costs a lot of money.

3. Working and studying at the same time is hard.

4. Helping students get an education is important.

5. Working in a factory is difficult.

6. Dying rich is a disgrace (according to Carnegie).

7. Helping others is satisfying.

8. Signing the Giving Pledge is a wonderful thing.

8.16 Gerund or Infnitive after a Verb:

Diferences in Meaning

EXERCISE 28 pp. 238–239

1. telling 2. hearing 3. meeting 4. to rest 5. to get 6. to pick up

7. to leave 8. to call/calling 9. to leave/leaving 10. to text/texting

11. to use 12. worrying 13. giving 14. to understand

ABOUT YOU p.239

Answers will vary.

Reading 4

COMPREHENSION p.240

1. F 2. T 3. F

THINK ABOUT IT p.241

Answers will vary.

8.17 Used To/Be Used To/Get Used To

EXERCISE 29 p.241

Possible answers:

1. exercise once a week 2. drive/take the bus 3. ride 4. give/donate

5. spend/save

ABOUT YOU p.241

Answers will vary.

EXERCISE 30 p.242

1. ’m not used to working/am not used to working

2. ’m not used to riding/am not used to riding

3. ’s used to giving/is used to giving

4. was used to driving

5. ’s used to helping/is used to helping

6. ’m not used to working/am not used to working

7. ’m not used to doing/am not used to doing, was used to hearing 8. ’m not used to riding/am not used to riding

EXERCISE 31 p.243

1. are used to riding 2. I3. I was 4. take 5. got used to 6. riding 7. riding 8. couldn’t 9. get used 10. used 11. use

8.18 Sense-Perception Verbs

EXERCISE 32 p.244

1. walking 2. crying 3. take 4. tell 5. take 6. running 7. tell 8. say/saying 9. help/helping

REVIEW p.247

1. to have 2. to help 3. in helping 4. to read 5. play 6. to read 7. play

8. for helping 9. crying 10. crying 11. to leave 12. to cry/crying

13. learning/to learn 14. ringing/to ring 15. picking 16. to taking 17. sleep

18. sleeping 19. To complete/In order to complete 20. do 21. to study

22. take 23. having 24. to help 25. to take 26. taking 27. watching

28. grow 29. Seeing 30. leave 31. Bringing

EDITING PRACTICE p.249

1. C 2. to do 3. helping 

4. me to help 5. working/work

 6. to become7. Ø 8. C 9. finding 

10. C 11. making 12. feel 

13. it’s/it is 14. C 15. C16. C 17. C 

18. C 19. used to sleeping 

20. to sleep 21. making 

22. they used to make 23. C 

24. them to be 25. becoming 

26. to 27. C 28. to find29. C 30. C