ANIMAL BEHAVIOR  9

THINK AND DISCUSS

Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. I live in the city, so I see a lot of cats and dogs. Dogs are usually in the park with their owners, jogging or playing catch. Cats usually sleep all day, but they like to explore at night and climb things.

2. Humans can use words to communicate. We can also use logic and build things to solve complicated problems. Animals are often faster and stronger than humans. They can also see, smell, and hear things that we can’t.

EXPLORE THE THEME

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Chimpanzees can climb trees and use tools.

2. Dogs can guard homes, perform rescue work, and help people with disabilities.

3. Horses are close to humans; they help do work on farms. / Cats are our close companions and people often keep them as house pets.

B owner; pet; companion (Note: A companion can be a human, an animal, or even a robot.)

Reading 1

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. profession

2. trainer

3. approach (Note: The verb form of approach means to move toward.)

4. work out (Note: Another common meaning of this expression is to exercise.)

B 1. powerful (Note: A powerful person can be physically strong like a weightlifter or exert a strong influence over others like a president.)

2. angry

3. confused (Note: People and animals get confused, while situations get confusing.)

C Answers will vary. Possible answers: A dog trainer needs to be confident, because dogs can sense when a trainer is nervous or unsure. / A dog trainer should be able to read a dog’s body

language, because dogs can’t communicate using words or signs.

D Answers will vary. Correct answers:

1, 3, 4 (Explanation: Why do people like certain kinds of dogs? / What are the lessons we learn from dogs? / So which animals behave better—humans or dogs?)

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 2, 4 (Explanation: For option 2, the first paragraph states that Millan helps dogs and dog owners deal with their problems. / For option 4, in

response to the fifth question, Millan says, “I see the dog, and I know who you are.”)

B 1. treating dogs like people (Explanation: We humanize dogs. We hold conversations with them as if they were people. . .)

2. want from (Explanation: It’s about what they want from another human but can’t get, so they get it from a dog.)

3. similar to (Explanation: I see the dog, and I know who you are. It’s a mirror.)

4. firm (Explanation: You don’t ask a dog if it would like to go for a walk. You put on the leash and go.)

5. honesty (Explanation: Also honesty . . . [and] integrity.)

C 1. His clients

2. His parents (Explanation: The sentence is a response to the question “How did your parents feel about your choice of profession?”)

3. Dogs (Explanation: The sentence is a response to the question “What are the lessons we learn from dogs?”) (Note: To stab someone in the back is to betray or hurt someone who trusts you.)

D a. 2 (Explanation: Millan’s parents don’t think that dog training is important work and don’t understand why people pay for his services.)

b. 3 (Explanation: The question asks what humans can learn from dogs. Millan answers that dogs don’t stab people in the back, suggesting that

humans do.)

c. 1 (Explanation: Even though training a dog is easy for him, a lot of people struggle with it.)

DEVELOPING READING SKILLS

A 1. b

2. a

3. c

B what the characteristics of certain types of pet owners are; how people classify themselves; what Gosling expected; that dog people are more

outgoing than cat people; Why these differences exist

Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. Gosling wanted to learn the characteristics of certain types of pet owners.

2. He found out whether people classified themselves as dog people or cat people.

3. Gosling’s study showed that dog people and cat people are different.

Video

BEFORE VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answers: Both humans and gorillas know how to use tools. / Humans and gorillas are similar genetically. / Humans and gorillas have very similar hands, with four fingers and a thumb on each.

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. to hunt

2. to build homes and nests

3. to swat away insects

4. for protection against predators

C 1. stick

2. invent

3. evidence (Note: Evidence is an important part of scientific research and police investigations.)

4. think through

WHILE VIEWING

A b

B 1. the same way humans do

2. check the depth of the water

3. find food

4. using a new tool

AFTER VIEWING

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Like humans, gorillas are able to use tools to solve problems. However, unlike humans, gorillas are unable to shape or design tools from scratch. Instead, they use what’s readily available.

B Answers will vary. Possible answers: We are able to better understand our own behavior when we study similar behavior in animals. / When we learn how similar animals are to us, we will

be more interested in protecting them and the natural environments that they live in.

Reading 2

PREPARING TO READ

A 1. fair

2. willing

3. continue

4. cooperate

5. research

6. expect

7. reward (Note: When it comes to pets, rewards usually take the form of food and are often called treats.)

8. response

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

1. My brother came home late after a soccer match, and my dad just asked him who won. When I came home late after band practice, I got

grounded for a week! I felt that wasn’t really fair.

2. My first response was to feel upset. But then I talked to my dad about it, and he decided not to punish me after all.

C b

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A 1. d (See Paragraph A)

2. b (See Paragraphs C and D)

3. a (See Paragraph D)

4. e (See Paragraph E)

5. c (See Paragraph E)

B 1. oxytocin; macaques (See Paragraphs F and G)

2. drink, another monkey (See Paragraph G)

3. give their juice to other monkeys (See Paragraph G)

4. more sociable and aware of others / kinder

(See subheading and Paragraph G)

C 1. a (See Paragraph B)

2. b (See Paragraph C)

3. a (See Paragraph G)

D Answers will vary. Possible answer:

I think humans would react in a similar way as the capuchins. We would probably get upset at the unfair treatment and try to change the situation by voicing our displeasure.

Writing

EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH

A 1. S: Both chimpanzees and gorillas use tools.

2. D: Unlike humans, dogs cannot solve complex problems.

3. D: Giraffes eat plants. In contrast, lions eat meat.

4. S: Like humans, gorillas solve problems by planning.

5. S: Humans get angry if they are treated unfairly. Similarly, capuchin moneys do not like unequal treatment.

6. D: Elephant seals are able to stay underwater for long periods of time. Humans, however, can’t stay underwater for a long time without special

equipment.

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING

B 1. Unlike humans, dogs cannot make tools. / Unlike dogs, humans can make tools.

2. Both apes and bats eat insects.

3. Reptiles lay eggs. In contrast, mammals give birth to live babies.

4. Capuchins live in the Western Hemisphere. However, macaques live in the Eastern Hemisphere. / Macaques, however, live in the Eastern Hemisphere.

5. German shepherds can become guide dogs. Similarly, capuchin monkeys can be trained to help people.

C Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Both the Australian Terrier and the Basenji are alert and social.

Like the Basenji, the Australian Terrier is good with children. / The Australian Terrier can be aggressive. In contrast, the Basenji is calm. / Unlike the Basenji, the Australian Terrier has long hair. / The Basenji doesn’t bark much. The Australian Terrier, however, barks a lot. / The Australian Terrier is a quick learner. Similarly, the Basenji is easy to train. (Note: When using similarly, it is a good idea to paraphrase the similarity that is being described.)

WRITING SKILL

D d, c, g, e, b, a, f (Note: Sentence d is the topic sentence; c, e, and a are supporting ideas; g, b, and f are details.)

E Answers will vary. Possible answers: There are a number of differences between leopards and cheetahs. / Although both are big cats, leopards

and cheetahs are actually quite different.

F 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c (Note: Unlike the previous three words, however is used to show difference, not order.)

WRITING TASK

A Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Crows: solve puzzles; fashion tools; recognize faces Parrots: friendly; use sticks to get food; solve puzzles; recognize faces

B Answers will vary. Possible answers:

Topic sentence: Parrots may look friendly, and crows may appear fierce, but both are incredibly smart animals.

Supporting Idea 1: Both can use tools.

Detail: Both are known to use sticks to get food.

Supporting Idea 2: They can solve puzzles.

Detail: They are able to improvise clever solutions in lab experiments.

Supporting Idea 3: They can recognize faces.

Detail: Crows recognize specific people as threats. Parrots recognize their owners.

REVISING PRACTICE

 c, a, b, d

EDITING PRACTICE

1. Like humans, chimpanzees use tools to solve problems.

2. Both female capuchins and humans value fairness.

3. Some chimpanzees use tools in zoos. In contrast, gorillas rarely use tools in captivity.

4. Unlike cats, dogs need a lot of attention from their owners.

5. Some dog trainers believe in punishing bad behavior. However, other trainers believe in rewarding good behavior.

6. Both Basenjis and Australian Terriers make good pets for children.

7. Scientists often use monkeys in behavioral studies. Similarly, rats are useful for scientific research on behavior.

8. Like children, dogs need a lot of training and attention.