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定价:128.0
ISBN:9787121464997
版次:1
内容提要:
编辑推荐
1.“计算”是科技的引擎和所有科技热点的中心,全球首度以此为线索的硬核科普读物。
2.本书作者曾是阿里云初创团队成员之一,曾是阿里巴巴杰出青年科学家中的翘楚。
3.科技与互联网公司一众与计算生态息息相关的业者,可以通过这本书及这个系列,理解计算的深邃内涵与历史沿革,以及关键命脉与终*归宿。
内容提要
计算已经成为人们生活中不可或缺的组成部分,人类社会享受了计算技术的红利得以飞速发展。可以说当今的计算机科学和产业应用的成就是人类文明有史以来所有智慧的结晶。解释、澄清和发展“计算”这一重要概念,即本书之写作目的。本书从探索数学的起源开始,细数了数学史上三次危机的来龙去脉,逐渐引出计算理论的诞生和发展,以及这些过往是如何影响当今计算机科学*前沿方向的。*后本书从哲学层面探讨了计算的边界,将其视为人类需要继续探索的未解之谜。本书横跨了人类近3000年的文明史,综合了数学、哲学、物理学、计算机科学、人工智能、复杂系统科学等多门学科,呈现出一种独特的计算主义的世界观。
作者简介:
作者简介
吴翰清,毕业于西安交通大学少年班。清华大学创新领军工程博士(人工智能方向,在读)。
2005年加入阿里,创建了阿*巴巴、淘*、支*宝的安全体系,也是阿里云初创团队成员,是阿里安全从无到有、从有到强的亲历者。
2017年开始致力于城市大脑的研究与建设,专注于构建机器智能系统。
2017年入选 MIT 全球青年科技创新人才榜,是中国互联网安全领域入选 TR35 的*一人。
2019年入选「大数据文摘」评选的「30位新生代数字经济人才」。
2019年当选中国青年科技工作者协会第六届理事。
公益项目“计算图书馆”发起人。
目前正致力于人工智能的研究和创业。
目录:
目录
导论 ....................................................................................................................................1
*一部分 计算的诞生
第 1 章 毕达哥拉斯的困惑..............................................................................................24
数的计算 .......................................................................................................................24
从数觉到计数 .......................................................................................................24
文明古国的计算 ...................................................................................................28
毕达哥拉斯学派 ...........................................................................................................30
柏拉图的理想世界 .......................................................................................................40
*一次数学危机 ...........................................................................................................44
无理数的发现 .......................................................................................................44
芝诺悖论:无穷之辩 ...........................................................................................46
演绎推理:逻辑学和几何学 .......................................................................................51
亚里士多德的逻辑学 ...........................................................................................51
欧几里得的《几何原本》 ...................................................................................55
悖论:推理的暗面 ...............................................................................................59
第 2 章 计算之术 ............................................................................................................62
代数:字符的计算 .......................................................................................................62
符号与代数 ...................................................................................................................63
零的诞生 ...............................................................................................................63
言辞代数 ...............................................................................................................65
未知量的表示 .......................................................................................................68
还原与对消 ...........................................................................................................70
代数符号 ...............................................................................................................73
求解多项式方程 ...........................................................................................................77
从数值解到代数解 ...............................................................................................77
三次方程的求根公式 ...........................................................................................81
不可约:复数的发现 ...........................................................................................84
数系的扩张 ...........................................................................................................89
代数基本定理 .......................................................................................................92
代数的结构 ...................................................................................................................94
求解一元五次方程 ...............................................................................................94
方程根的结构 .......................................................................................................95
伽罗瓦的遗珠 .....................................................................................................101
计算工具 .....................................................................................................................108
人类计算员 .........................................................................................................109
面向机器的计算思维 .........................................................................................111
第 3 章 莱布尼茨的计算之梦 ........................................................................................116
数理逻辑的创立 .........................................................................................................117
人类思想字母表 .........................................................................................................120
思想的大衍术 .....................................................................................................121
计算之梦 .....................................................................................................................125
思维规律的研究 .........................................................................................................127
19 世纪数理逻辑的复兴 ....................................................................................127
布尔的逻辑代数 .................................................................................................129
*二部分 计算的数学基础
第 4 章 数学的基础.......................................................................................................136
*二次数学危机 .........................................................................................................136
微积分的发明 .....................................................................................................136
消失的鬼魂:贝克莱悖论 .................................................................................139
分析的严格化 .....................................................................................................140
集合论的诞生 .............................................................................................................142
无穷大有多大 .....................................................................................................142
对角线方法 .........................................................................................................146
康托尔的超穷数 .........................................................................................................148
超穷基数与超穷序数 .........................................................................................148
连续统假设 .........................................................................................................152
算术的逻辑化 .............................................................................................................156
弗雷格的“概念文字” .....................................................................................156
自然数的定义 .....................................................................................................159
第 5 章 第三次数学危机 ...............................................................................................163
危机:罗素悖论 .........................................................................................................163
集合论悖论 .........................................................................................................163
自我指涉 .............................................................................................................165
悖论的解决方法 .................................................................................................168
逻辑主义进路 .............................................................................................................169
直觉主义进路 .............................................................................................................173
公理集合论进路 .........................................................................................................176
ZFC 公理集合论.................................................................................................177
选择公理 .............................................................................................................180
NBG 公理集合论................................................................................................182
第三部分 计算理论的形成
第 6 章 计算理论的奠基:希尔伯特进路......................................................................186
数学的无冕之* .........................................................................................................186
希尔伯特问题 .............................................................................................................188
数学的世纪之问 .................................................................................................188
希尔伯特的第 10 个问题 ...................................................................................189
几何的算术基础 .........................................................................................................192
欧几里得的第五公设 .........................................................................................192
模型化方法 .........................................................................................................194
桌子、椅子和啤酒杯:形式系统思想..............................................................195
“形式主义”之父 .....................................................................................................196
有穷主义证明论 .........................................................................................................198
希尔伯特纲领 .............................................................................................................201
可判定性问题 .....................................................................................................201
*者的落幕 .........................................................................................................202
第 7 章 计算不能做什么:终结者哥德尔......................................................................204
昨日的世界 .................................................................................................................204
我们必须知道,我们必将知道 .........................................................................204
伟大的友谊 .........................................................................................................205
哥德尔的发现 .....................................................................................................207
编码思想:哥德尔数 .................................................................................................209
哥德尔证明 .................................................................................................................213
不完备性定理 .....................................................................................................213
塔斯基定理 .........................................................................................................215
希尔伯特计划的破灭 .........................................................................................216
哥德尔纲领 .................................................................................................................217
自亚里士多德以来 .....................................................................................................218
第 8 章 计算理论的诞生:图灵的可计算数 ..................................................................221
图灵的学业 .................................................................................................................221
图灵机.........................................................................................................................223
模拟人类计算员 .................................................................................................223
图灵机模型 .........................................................................................................224
可计算数 .............................................................................................................226
丘奇-图灵论题............................................................................................................229
判定性问题的证明 .....................................................................................................231
图灵的证明 .........................................................................................................231
停机问题 .............................................................................................................234
忙碌的海狸 .................................................................................................................235
快速增长函数 .....................................................................................................235
不可计算的函数 .................................................................................................238
图灵的命运 .................................................................................................................239
第四部分 计算的极限
第 9 章 计算复杂性.......................................................................................................242
难解的计算问题 .........................................................................................................243
旅行商问题 .........................................................................................................243
多项式时间与指数时间 .....................................................................................245
P/NP 问题....................................................................................................................249
NP 问题...............................................................................................................249
NP 完全问题.......................................................................................................251
柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度 .........................................................................................254
库克-莱文定理....................................................................................................255
计算的局部性原理 .............................................................................................257
P=NP 吗 ......................................................................................................................257
P=NP 的世界.......................................................................................................258
认知的边界 .........................................................................................................259
P≠NP 的若干推论.............................................................................................260
站在两个世界之间 .....................................................................................................266
未分类的问题 .....................................................................................................266
因数分解问题 .....................................................................................................267
图同构问题 .........................................................................................................268
近似计算 .....................................................................................................................268
丹齐格的线性规划 .............................................................................................270
挑战旅行商问题 .................................................................................................272
PCP 定理与不可近似性 .....................................................................................281
并行计算 .....................................................................................................................284
计算的时空平衡性 .............................................................................................284
并行计算的极限 .................................................................................................285
挑战极限 .............................................................................................................287
第 10 章 量子计算 ........................................................................................................293
计算是数学的,更是物理的 .....................................................................................293
量子计算的启蒙 .................................................................................................293
量子的特性 .........................................................................................................295
计算的*小能量 .................................................................................................296
量子比特 .....................................................................................................................298
从经典比特到量子比特 .....................................................................................298
量子优势 .............................................................................................................300
量子门与量子线路 .............................................................................................300
量子算法 .....................................................................................................................303
从 BPP 到 BQP ...................................................................................................303
Shor 算法.............................................................................................................305
量子霸权 .....................................................................................................................307
量子计算机的实现 .............................................................................................307
展望量子霸权 .....................................................................................................308
第 11 章 复杂性计算.....................................................................................................310
什么是复杂 .................................................................................................................310
反馈与控制 .................................................................................................................312
现代复杂性研究思潮 .................................................................................................318
复杂性的简单算法 .............................................................................................318
生命游戏 .............................................................................................................321
涌现 .....................................................................................................................323
耗散结构 .............................................................................................................324
网络科学 .............................................................................................................326
进化计算 .....................................................................................................................330
生物系统的信息处理 .........................................................................................330
逻辑深度 .............................................................................................................334
企业的进化计算 .................................................................................................335
第 12 章 机器能思考吗.................................................................................................338
模拟大脑的结构 .........................................................................................................338
机器智能大论战 .........................................................................................................340
模仿游戏与中文屋 .............................................................................................340
符号主义与连接主义 .........................................................................................344
AlphaGo 与李世石..............................................................................................350
ChatGPT 与乌鸦.........................................................................................................355
人工智能的圣杯 .................................................................................................355
ChatGPT 的原理 .................................................................................................356
350 多年的等待 ..................................................................................................362
聪明的乌鸦 .........................................................................................................365
未来的方向 .........................................................................................................366
机器的意识 .................................................................................................................374
第 13 章 自然哲学的计算原理......................................................................................379
计算的边界 .................................................................................................................379
时空的桎梏 .........................................................................................................379
宇宙是一台计算机吗 .........................................................................................380
图灵极限 .............................................................................................................384
边界之外 .....................................................................................................................386
无穷时间的计算 .................................................................................................386
无穷空间的计算 .................................................................................................387
一种计算主义的世界观 .............................................................................................392
后记 ................................................................................................................................397
附录 A 科研范式进化史纲要.........................................................................................399
附录 B 提问与求解的艺术 ............................................................................................404
附录 C 世界需要什么样的智能系统..............................................................................416
附录 D 机器智能宣言 ...................................................................................................423
参考文献 .........................................................................................................................425
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