A theory of cognitive dissonance

Paperback: 239页

出版社: Stanford University Press; Anniversary (1957-06-01)

语种： English

ISBN-10: 0804709114

ISBN-13: 978-0804709118

产品尺寸及重量: 14 x 1.7 x 21.6 cm

书籍简介

认知失调理论是费斯汀格在1957年的《认知失调论》一书中提出，认知失调论的基本要义为，当个体面对新情境，必需表示自身的态度时，个体在心理上将出现新认知（新的理解）与旧认知（旧的信念）相互冲突的状况，为了消除此种因为不一致而带来紧张的不适感，个体在心理上倾向于采用两种方式进行自我调适，其一为对于新认知予以否认；另一为寻求更多新认知的讯息，提升新认知的可信度，借以彻底取代旧认知，从而获得心理平衡。该理论在性质上为解释个体内在动机的主要理论，故而被广泛用以解释个体态度改变的重要依据，认知失调论是动力心理学的一种新的观点。

认知失调是由费斯汀格提出的，是指一个人的态度和行为等的认知成分相互矛盾，从一个认知推断出另一个对立的认知时而产生的不舒适感、不愉快的情绪。认知失调理论认为：一般情况下，个体的态度与行为是相协调的，因此不需要改态度与行为。假如两者出现了不一致，如做了与态度相违背的事，或没做想做的事，这时就产生了认知失调。认知失调会产生一种心理紧张，个体会力图解除这种紧张，以重新恢复平衡。 为了正确理解失调论的含义，我们必须注意下面两点：首先是有关“认知”的概念。在费斯汀格的原意中，认知在很大程度上被定义为认知结构中的“要素”，一个要素即一个认知。它们是一个人意识到的一切。它们可以是一个人对自己的行为、自己的心理状态、人格特征的认识，也可以是对外部客观事物的认识。

总之，它可以是事实、信仰、见解或别的一切事物。若某种事实尽管存在，但个体并没有意识到，那就不能成为一个人的认知。任何两种认知或者是一致的，或者是不一致的，或者是不相关的。只有在两者既相关，又不一致的情况下，才能导致失调。第二个注意之点在于“由前面可以推出”的确切含义。在个体的认知结构中，要素之间的一致或不一致完全是由个体的心理意义决定的。换句话说，认知的一致与否并不决定于是否符合客观逻辑，而决定于个体的心理逻辑。就一个个体来说，如果由一个认知可以推出另一个对立的认知，那么两个认知就是不协调的。实际上，这两个认知在逻辑上并非一定不一致，只是因为个体依照自己的心理逻辑才体验到了两种认知的差异，从而产生了失调。

Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for its important and influential concepts in areas of motivation and social psychology. The theory of dissonance is here applied to the problem of why partial reward, delay of reward , and effort expenditure during training result in increased resistance to extinction.

The author contends that a state of impasse exists within learning theory largely because some of its major assumptions stand in apparent opposition to cetain well-established experimental results. The book puts forward a new theory that seems to reconcile these data and assumptions. This new theory can account for data with which other theories have difficulty: it integrates empirical phenomena that have been regarded as unrelated, and it is supported by the results of experiments designed specifically to test its implications. These experiments are fully described in the text.

作者简介

里昂·费斯汀格(1919-1989)，美国社会心理学家。主要研究人的期望、抱负和决策，并用实验方法研究偏见、社会影响等社会心理学问题。他提出的认知失调理论有很大影响。1959年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖，1972年当选为国家科学院院士。Festinger在心理学上的贡献，主要来自于在社会心理学上两方面的研究成果： 社会比较论（social comparison theory） 和认知失调论（cognitive dissonance theory）。

Leon Festinger (8 May 1919 – 11 February 1989) was an American social psychologist, perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. His theories and research are credited with renouncing the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulus-response conditioning accounts of human behavior. Festinger is also credited with advancing the use of laboratory experimentation in social psychology, although he simultaneously stressed the importance of studying real-life situations, a principle he perhaps most famously practiced when personally infiltrating a doomsday cult. He is also known in social network theory for the proximity effect (or propinquity).

Festinger studied psychology under Kurt Lewin, an important figure in modern social psychology, at the University of Iowa, graduating in 1941; however, he did not develop an interest in social psychology until after joining the faculty at Lewin's Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945. Despite his preeminence in social psychology, Festinger turned to visual perception research in 1964 and then archaeology and history in 1979 until his death in 1989. Following B. F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Albert Bandura, Festinger was the fifth most cited psychologist of the 20th century.