• 书名：Physical Pollution Control Engineering

• 丛书名：普通高等教育“十四五”规划教材

• ISBN：978-7-5240-0155-3

• 出版社：冶金工业出版社有限公司

• 定价：49

• 作者：苏伟,郑扬,宋波,马鸿志,邢奕,雷荣荣

• 出版时间：2025-04-10

内容简介

本书是一本专为环境工程领域专业人士及学生编写的实用指南，旨在深入探讨物理污染的识别、评估与控制技术。本书系统地介绍了噪声、振动、电磁辐射等物理污染的来源、传播特性及其对环境和人体健康的影响。本书不仅阐述了物理污染控制的基本原理和方法，还详细讨论了各种污染控制技术的应用，包括噪声控制、振动隔离、电磁兼容等，以期为读者提供全面的理论知识和实践指导。
本书适合环境工程专业的学生、研究人员以及从事环境保护工作的工程师阅读。

编辑推荐

《物理污染控制工程》是一本专为环境工程领域专业人士及学生编写的实用指南，旨在深入探讨物理污染的识别、评估与控制技术。本书系统地介绍了噪声、振动、电磁辐射等物理污染的来源、传播特性及其对环境和人体健康的影响。本书不仅阐述了物理污染控制的基本原理和方法，还详细讨论了各种污染控制技术的应用，包括噪声控制、振动隔离、电磁兼容等，以期为读者提供全面的理论知识和实践指导。

目录

Content

1 Introduction.. 12

1.1The concept and classification of physical pollution. 12

1.1.1 The concept and classification of noise. 12

1.1.2 Vibration. 13

1.1.3 Radioactivity. 13

1.1.4 Electromagnetic radiation. 14

1.1.5 Thermal pollution. 15

1.1.6 Light pollution. 16

1.2The harm of physical pollution. 17

1.2.1 Noise hazard. 17

1.2.2 Vibration hazard. 21

1.2.3 Radiological hazard. 22

1.2.4 Electromagnetic radiation hazard. 29

1.2.5 Thermal Pollution Hazards. 35

1.2.6 Light pollution hazards. 38

Exercise. 41

2 Basic knowledge of sound waves. 42

2.1 The generation and propagation of sound waves. 42

2.2 Describe the basic physical quantities of sound waves. 43

2.3Sound pressure, sound energy, sound intensity, sound power. 46

2.3.1 Sound pressure. 46

2.3.2 Sound energy. 47

2.3.3 Sound intensity. 47

2.3.4 Power. 47

2.4 Sound level concept and sound level calculation. 48

2.4.1 Definition of decibel48

2.4.2 Definitions of sound pressure level, sound intensity level, and sound power level49

2.4.3 The relationship between sound intensity level and sound pressure level50

2.4.4 The relationship between sound power level and sound intensity level51

2.4.5 The relationship between sound power level and sound pressure level51

2.4.6 The superposition of sound waves. 51

2.5 Propagation characteristics of sound waves. 57

2.5.1 Reflection, transmission, and refraction of sound waves. 57

2.5.2 Diffraction of sound waves. 62

2.6The attenuation of sound in propagation. 62

2.6.1 Acoustic divergence attenuation. 63

2.6.2 Additional attenuation of air absorption. 65

2.6.3 Additional attenuation of ground absorption. 66

2.6.4 The influence of meteorological conditions on sound propagation. 67

2.7 Noise spectrum.. 67

2.7.1octave. 67

2.7.2 spectral analysis. 68

Exercise. 69

3 Noise evaluation and criteria.. 71

3.1Evaluative quantities of noise. 71

3.1.1 Equal Loudness Curve, Loudness and Loudness Levels. 71

3.1.2 Stevens Loudness. 73

3.1.3 Weighted sound levels and weighted networks. 74

3.1.4 A sound level75

3.1.5 Equivalent A sound level76

3.1.6 DayNight Equivalent Sound Level77

3.1.7 Cumulative percent sound level77

3.1.8 Traffic Noise Index TNI. 78

3.1.9 Noise pollution level78

3.10 Noise Rating Number (NR) Curve. 79

3.1.11 Noise level and perceived noise level80

3.1.12 Noise Impingement Index (NII)82

3.1.13 Noise masking. 83

3.1.14 Language clarity index and language interference level83

3.2 Environmental noise regulations and standards. 85

3.2.1 Environmental Noise Pollution Prevention and Control Law.. 86

3.2.2 Product Noise Standards. 86

3.2.3 Occupational Health Standard. 88

3.2.4 Design specification for noise control in industrial enterprises. 89

3.2.5 Sound Quality. 90

3.2.6 Noise Emission Standards. 91

Exercise. 93

4. Noise Measurement Technology.. 95

4.1 Noise Measuring Instruments. 95

4.1.1 sound level meter. 95

4.1.2 Spectrum Analyzer and Filter. 99

4.1.3 level recorder. 100

4.1.4 recording device. 100

4.1.5 Noise Statistical Analyzer. 101

4.2 Noise Measurement Methods. 102

4.2.1 Road traffic noise measurements102

4.2.2 Measurement of environmental noise in urban areas. 103

4.2.3 Plant noise measurement104

4.2.4 Measurement of environmental noise from production in enterprises 106

4.2.5 Measurement of machine noise in the workshop. 107

4.2.6 Measurement of intake and exhaust noise. 108

4.2.7 Motor Vehicle Noise Measurement108

4.3 Measurement of thesound absorption coefficient of acoustic materials. 109

4.3.1 Measurement of ungauged incident sound absorption coefficients of sound-absorbing materials by the reverberation chamber method. 109

4.3.2 Measurement of vertical incident sound absorption coefficients of sound-absorbing materials by the standing wave tube method. 113

Exercise. 115

5 Noise pollution control technology.. 116

5.1 Basic principles and methods of noise control116

5.1.1 Control noise from sound source. 116

5.1.2 Transmission path control118

5.1.3 Protection of the receiver. 119

5.2. General principles of noise control120

5.3 Basic procedures of noise control120

5.4 Noise source analysis. 122

5.4.1 Mechanical noise. 122

5.4.2 aerodynamic noise. 122

5.4.3 Electromagnetic noise. 123

5.5 Urban environmental noise control123

5.5.1 Classification of urban noise sources. 123

5.5.2 Urban Environmental Noise Control Measures129

Exercises. 133

6 Sound absorption and indoor sound fields. 134

6.1 Acoustic classification and sound absorption characteristics of materials. 134

6.1.1 Classification of sound-absorbing materials. 134

6.1.2 Sound absorption coefficient and amount137

6.2 Porous sound-absorbing material139

6.2.1 Structure characteristics and sound absorption mechanism of porous sound absorbing materials. 139

6.2.2 Sound absorption performance of porous sound absorbing materials and it's influencing factors. 140

6.3 Resonant sound absorption structure. 146

6.3.1 Resonance sound absorption structure of thin film and thin plate. 146

6.3.2. Perforated plate resonant sound absorption construction. 148

6.3.4 Sound absorption structure of the microperforated plate. 151

6.3.5 Space sound absorber. 153

6.3.6 Sound-absorbing wedge. 155

6.4 Indoor sound field and sound absorption and noise reduction. 157

6.4.1 The sound energy density and pressure level in the diffused sound field 157

6.4.2 Indoor sound absorption and noise reduction. 161

6.4.3 Reverberation time and its calculation. 162

6.4.4 Sound Absorption Handling Precautions. 164

6.4.5 Sound absorption and noise reduction design program.. 165

Exercises. 170

7 Sound insulation technology.. 171

7.1 Evaluation of sound insulation. 171

7.2 Sound Insulation Performance of Single-Layer Homogeneous Walls. 174

7.2.1 Law of mass for sound insulation of a single homogeneous wall174

7.2.2 Anastomotic effects. 174

7.2.3 Frequency characteristics of sound insulation by single homogeneous walls 176

7.3 Sound Insulation Performance of Double Homogeneous Partitions. 178

7.3.1. Principle of sound insulation in double partition walls. 178

7.3.2 Sound Insulation Characteristic Curves for Double Walls. 179

7.3.3 Double wall resonance frequency. 180

7.3.4 Sound insulation of double walls. 181

7.3.5 Sound Bridge. 181

7.3.6 Design Considerations for Double Wall Structures. 181

7.4 Sound-insulated rooms. 182

7.4.1 Calculation of average sound insulation of combined walls with doors and windows 182

7.4.2 Sound insulation of windows and doors. 183

7.5 Acoustic enclosures. 185

7.5.1 Insertion loss of acoustic enclosures. 185

7.5.2. Acoustic enclosure design considerations. 186

7.6 Acoustic screens. 186

7.6.1 Sound insulation of acoustic screens. 187

Exercises. 191

8 Muffler.. 192

8.1 Types, performance requirements, and evaluation of mufflers volume. 192

8.1.1 Types of mufflers192

8.1.2 Performance requirements for mufflers. 192

8.1.3 Muffler acoustic performance evaluation quantities. 193

8.1.4 Muffler pressure loss. 194

8.2 Resistive mufflers. 196

8.2.1 Muffling principle of resistive muffler. 196

8.2.2 Classification of resistive mufflers. 196

8.2.3 Calculation of muffling capacity of straight pipe mufflers. 198

8.2.4 High-frequency failure frequencies200

8.2.5 Effect of airflow on resistive mufflers. 200

8.2.6 Resistive muffler design. 202

8.3 Resistant mufflers. 206

8.3.1 Expansion chamber mufflers. 206

8.3.2 Resonant mufflers. 213

8.4 Impedance composite muffler. 217

8.4.1 Types of impedance composite mufflers. 217

8.4.2 Anechoic principles. 217

8.4.3 Impedance Composite Muffler Design Points218

8.5 Diffusion mufflers. 218

8.5.1 Jet noise. 219

8.5.2 Throttling and pressure-reducing mufflers. 220

8.5.3 Small hole injection mufflers. 222

8.6 Microperforated plate mufflers. 223

8.6.1 Anechoic Principles and Classification. 224

8.6.2 Calculation of anechoic volume. 224

8.7 Muffler design, manufacture, and installation applications. 225

8.7.1 Design and manufacture of mufflers. 225

8.7.2 Installation of mufflers. 229

Exercises. 230

9 Vibration Pollution and Its Control. 232

9.1 Allowable Vibration Standards. 232

9.1.1 Local vibration standards. 232

9.1.2 Overall vibration standards. 232

9.1.3 Environmental Vibration Standards. 233

9.2 Vibration Measurement Methods and Common Instruments. 234

9.2.1 Accelerometer. 234

9.2.2 Vibration Pre-Amplifier. 235

9.2.3 Sensitivity Calibration. 236

9.2.4 General Vibration Meter. 236

9.3 Vibration Control Techniques and Methods. 237

9.3.1 Vibration Source Control237

9.3.2 Vibration Transmission Control Process. 239

9.3.3 Measures for Vibration Control of Anti-Vibration Objects. 240

9.4 Vibration Isolation Principle. 240

9.4.1 Vibration Transmission and Isolation. 240

9.4.2 Vibration Isolation Force Transmission Rate. 242

9.4.3 Vibration Isolation Design. 245

9.4.4 Vibration Isolators and Vibration Isolation Materials. 246

9.5 Vibration Damping and Damping Materials. 250

9.5.1 Principle of Damping Vibration Reduction. 250

9.5.2 Damping Vibration Absorption Material251

Exercise. 253

10 Radioactive Pollution Control. 255

10.1 Introduction to Radioactivity. 255

10.1.1 Atoms and Atomic Nuclei255

10.1.2 Radioactivity and Isotopes. 256

10.1.3 Types of Radioactive Decay. 257

10.1.4 General Law of Radioactive Decay. 259

10.1.5 Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter. 260

10.2 Radioactive sources in the environment262

10.2.1 Natural sources of radiation. 263

10.2.2 Artificial sources of radioactive contamination. 266

10.2.3 Dynamics of radioactive contamination in the natural environment270

10.3 Basic Quantities and Units of Radiation Dose. 274

10.3.1 Radioactive Activity. 274

10.3.2 Absorbed Dose. 274

10.3.3 Irradiation. 275

10.3.4 Dose Equivalent275

10.4 Radiation Dose from Environmental Radioactivity to the Population. 276

10.4.1 Routes of Environmental Radioactive Substances into the Human Body 276

10.4.2 Normal Exposure Dose of Natural Radiation Sources. 276

10.4.3 Radiation Dose of Artificial Radiation Sources. 278

10.5 Radiation Protection. 282

10.6 Radioactive Waste. 291

Exercises. 301

11 Control of electromagnetic radiation pollution.. 302

11.1 The basic concept of electromagnetic field. 303

11.1.1 Electric and magnetic fields. 303

11.1.2 Electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation. 303

11.1.3 Radio Frequency Electromagnetic fields. 305

11.2 Units of measurement for electromagnetic pollution. 308

11.2.1 Radiation intensity. 308

11.2.2 Radiation dose. 308

11.3 Types of electromagnetic radiation pollution sources and transmission routes 309

11.3.1 Types of Electromagnetic Pollution Sources. 309

11.3.2 The transmission path of electromagnetic pollution. 313

11.4 Monitoring and standards of electromagnetic radiation. 314

11.4.1 Electromagnetic radiation monitoring. 314

11.4.2 Workplace electromagnetic radiation safety and health standards 316

11.4.3 Environmental Safety standards for electromagnetic radiation. 317

11.5 Control of electromagnetic radiation contamination. 320

11.5.1 Main protection measures for electromagnetic radiation. 320

11.5.2 Electromagnetic radiation protection of high-frequency equipment325

11.5.3 Electromagnetic radiation protection of radio and television transmitting stations 330

11.5.4 Electromagnetic radiation protection of microwave equipment331

11.5.5 Management of Electromagnetic Radiation. 333

11.6 Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation Pollution. 342

11.6.1 Main chapters and contents of the electromagnetic Radiation Environmental Impact Statement343

11.6.2 Scope and method of evaluation. 344

11.6.3 Evaluation criteria. 345

11.6.4 Instruments and methods used in electromagnetic radiation environmental impact assessment work. 346

Exercises. 346

12 Thermal pollution and its prevention.. 348

12.1 Overview.. 348

12.1.1 Thermal environment348

12.1.2 Types and causes of thermal pollution. 350

12.2 Effects of human activities on the thermal environment353

12.2.1 Greenhouse effect353

12.2.2 Heat Island Effect357

12.3 Water heat pollution sources and their prevention and control362

12.3.1 Sources of thermal pollution of water bodies. 362

12.3.2 Water Thermal Pollution Prevention. 363

12.4 Pollution sources of atmospheric heat and their prevention and control365

12.4.1 Sources of Atmospheric Thermal Pollution. 365

12.4.2 Prevention and control of atmospheric thermal pollution. 366

Exercises. 369

13 Light Pollution and Its Prevention and Control. 370

13.1 Summary. 370

13.1.1 Light Environment370

13.1.2 Light Pollution. 372

13.2 Fundamentals of Optics. 376

13.2.1 Basic Physical Quantities of Light376

13.2.2 Basic Technical Parameters of Electric Lamps. 380

13.3 Evaluation of Light Environmental Quality. 384

13.4 Prevention and control of light pollution. 392

13.4.1 Prevention and control of visible light pollution. 392

13.4.2 Infrared and ultraviolet pollution prevention and control395

13.4.3 Strengthen the management of light pollution. 396

Exercises. 397