资源经济发展与环境密切相关、相互影响。在“双碳”目标背景下，实现资源经济与环境管理的耦合协调发展对促进社会经济的可持续发展至关重要。澳大利亚能矿资源丰富，在全球能矿资源安全、碳减排承诺、能源转型、技术创新、能矿环保等方面做出了积极努力，并取得了显著效果。本成果旨在从历史发展的角度，探讨澳大利亚资源经济与环境管理的耦合协调机制。通过梳理资源经济、相关环境问题和环境管理的历史演变，分析不同阶段影响资源经济发展和环境问题的因素，重点研究两者关系的动态演化，总结其耦合协调机制的经验，为其他资源型国家提供案例参照。 第一章总体介绍澳大利亚资源产业的概念和范畴，结语部分则针对澳大利亚资源经济和环境管理的发展历程进行历史回溯，分析讨论两者的耦合关系和协调机制，并进行经验总结和展望。主体部分根据资源经济、环境问题和环境管理的发展轨迹，按照时间顺序共分为六个阶段。每个阶段分别详细介绍资源经济发展的表现、相关政策、产生的环境问题、相应的环境管理政策和措施，讨论资源与环境管理耦合关系的演变过程，即从高拮抗型、低磨合型、高磨合型、低协调型、协调型到再协调型模式的转变。 ???????????????Contents Introduction ………………………………………………………… 1 1 General overview ……………………………………………… 1 2 Research background…………………………………………… 9 2.1 Basic references ………………………………………… 10 2.2 General studies on the Australian mining industry in China……………………………………………………… 12 2.3 General studies on coordinated development………… 16 3 Defining the Australian energy and mineral resources industry ………………………………………………………… 19 4 Mining and the environment ………………………………… 21 5 Research methodology………………………………………… 23 5.1 Case history research …………………………………… 23 5.2 Comparative analysis …………………………………… 26 5.3 Field investigation ……………………………………… 30 5.4 Multi_level policy analysis framework………………… 32 6 Coupling mechanism ………………………………………… 35 7 The structure of the book …………………………………… 38 Chapter1 Australian Energy and Mineral Resources Industries ………………………………………………………… 44 1 Defining energy and mineral deposits in Australia ……… 44 2 The role of the energy and mineral resources sector in Australia’s economy…………………………………………… 60 3 Division of governments’ powers in the mining industry……… 71 3.1 The Commonwealth government ……………………… 71 3.2 The state government…………………………………… 79 Chapter2 Before the 1950s: Early Mining and Environmental Pollution, a Highly Antagonistic Relationship……… 82 1 The development of mining before the 1950s……………… 83 1.1 Early discoveries before 1900 ………………………… 83 1.2 The 1850s gold rush and the first mining boom …… 89 1.3 The gradual establishment of the resources industry …………………………………………………………… 92 1.4 The late 19th century’s mineral boom ………………… 94 1.5 The development from the 1900s to the 1950s ……… 96 2 The conflicts between mining and the environment in Australia ……………………………………………………… 102 2.1 Exploration and prospecting activities ……………… 104 2.2 Vegetation clearance and surface impacts ………… 106 2.3 Mining infrastructure and development …………… 107 2.4 Waste management and pollution …………………… 109 2.5 Un_rehabilitated or poorly restored sites …………… 111 2.6 Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions …………………………………………………………… 113 2.7 Case studies of the adverse impacts of mining……… 115 3 Early environmental movement—from observation to conversation ………………………………………………… 121 4 A highly antagonistic relationship between the resource economy and environmental management in Australia … 125 Chapter3 1950s to 1970s: Rapid Development of Mining and Environmental Protection, a Highly Antagonistic and Poorly Synergistic Relationship …………………… 129 1 A world_class mining industry from the 1950s to the 1970s…………………………………………………………… 130 1.1 Development of the mining industry………………… 130 1.2 The boom in the 1960s and 1970s …………………… 147 1.3 Ownership of the resources industry ………………… 149 1.4 Early government involvement in the resources industry ………………………………………………… 153 1.5 Land rights issues on Aboriginal land ……………… 156 2 Environmental management and movement ……………… 158 2.1 Issues arousing controversies ………………………… 160 2.2 Mining companies’ reconstructions ………………… 162 2.3 Governments’ legislation on the environment in the 1970s …………………………………………………… 164 2.4 Case study one—controversy over minerals and mining…………………………………………………… 169 2.5 Case study two—Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry ………………………………………………… 172 2.6 Emergence of the modern environmental movement …………………………………………………………… 179 3 A highly antagonistic and poorly synergistic relationship between the resource economy and environmental management in Australia …………………………………… 182 Chapter4 1980s: The Consolidated Industry—Environment Presence on the National Political Agenda, a Relationship of Low Antagonism and High Synergy ………………… 187 1 Development of the energy sector ………………………… 188 2 Development of other minerals …………………………… 196 3 Environmental movement of people ……………………… 200 4 Governments’ environmental regulations on mining in the 1980s…………………………………………………………… 203 5 A relationship of low antagonism and high synergy between the Australian resource economy and the environment … 209 6 Conclusions …………………………………………………… 212 Chapter5 1990s: Industry and Environmental Management in an International Context, a Relationship of High Synergy and Low Coordination ……………………………… 219 1 Development of the mining sector ………………………… 221 1.1 Mineral exploration …………………………………… 221 1.2 Mining production …………………………………… 223 1.3 Mineral exports and imports ………………………… 227 1.4 Selected commodities ………………………………… 229 1.5 Some major projects…………………………………… 242 1.6 Knowledge_based and E_commerce_based mining … 243 2 The internationalization of Australia’s resources industry in the 1990s…………………………………………………… 245 2.1 Factors shaping internationalization ………………… 245 2.2 Performances of its internationalization …………… 247 2.3 Overseas exploration spending ……………………… 248 2.4 The international presence of mineral companies … 249 2.5 Investment destination………………………………… 252 3 Environmental management in an international context ………………………………………………………………… 255 3.1 Domestic public involvement ………………………… 255 3.2 Indigenous people and their environmental movement ……………………………………………… 257 3.3 International environmental cooperation …………… 258 4 Environmental management in mining as a partnership approach among governments ……………………………… 261 4.1 State and territory regulations ……………………… 261 4.2 Significant environmental regulations ……………… 268 5 A relationship of high synergy and low coordination between the Australian resource economy and the environment ………………………………………………… 280 6 Conclusions …………………………………………………… 282 Chapter6 The New Century: A Sustainable Resources Industry and Refined Environmental Protection System, a Relationship of High Synergy and Coordination …… 287 1 The development of the industry…………………………… 288 1.1 2000—2010: the first boom of the new century …… 288 1.2 The new boom after COVID_19 ……………………… 306 1.3 An unprecedented surge in mining profits ………… 306 1.4 Changing sectoral GDP shares ……………………… 307 2 Sustainable development and Australia’s resources sector ………………………………………………………………… 310 2.1 The concept of sustainable development in the resources sector ………………………………………… 311 2.2 General introduction to sustainable mining in Australia………………………………………………… 313 2.3 Best Practice Environmental Management in Mining …………………………………………………………… 326 2.4 Enduring Value framework…………………………… 333 3 Case Studies…………………………………………………… 339 3.1 Sustainable development in Broken Hill …………… 339 3.2 Rio Tinto’s sustainability initiatives ………………… 341 4 Key factors of applying sustainability to the Australian mining industry ……………………………………………… 343 4.1 Government sustainability policies and good governance ……………………………………………… 343 4.2 Co_regulation across federal, state, and industry levels …………………………………………………… 346 4.3 Active and widespread community support and engagement …………………………………………… 349 4.4 Industry’s environmental management professionals …………………………………………………………… 351 4.5 Implications: key strategic considerations for the attainment of sustainable development……………… 353 5 A relationship of high synergy and coordination in a sustainable resources industry ……………………………… 357 Chapter7 Post_COVID_19: New Trends in Mining Environmental Protection and the Re_coordination of Resources and the Environment …………………………………… 360 1 Sustainable mining policy priorities ……………………… 361 1.1 Environmental protection and biodiversity conservation reform …………………………………………………… 362 1.2 Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM)………………… 364 1.3 Developing a framework for innovative practices……… 370 2 New developments in mine protection …………………… 373 2.1 International cooperation for the sustainable development of the mineral environment…………… 373 2.2 Advancing the digital transformation of the mining industry to reduce environmental pollution ………… 375 2.3 Improving and strengthening the approval and regulation of mining projects ………………………… 378 2.4 Promoting actions to reduce emissions from the mining industry ………………………………………… 380 2.5 Promotion of reclamation programs for idle mines …………………………………………………………… 381 2.6 Creating an ecological model for the sustainable development of mining communities………………… 383 3 Environmental policy and reform ………………………… 384 4 Driving force for environmental protection measures in the mining industry ………………………………………… 388 4.1 International pressure to reduce emissions ………… 388 4.2 Domestic protest pressure …………………………… 389 4.3 Mining pollution incidents …………………………… 393 Conclusions………………………………………………………… 398 1 Major characteristics of the development of Australia’s resource industry and its environmental management…… 398 2 Major characteristics of the coupling and coordination mechanism between Australia’s resource economy and environmental management ………………………………… 407 3 Implications…………………………………………………… 415 4 Limitations …………………………………………………… 416 References ………………………………………………………… 419