行星状星云 第1版 Planetary Nebulae 英文原版GA Gurzadyan Z Lerman

基本信息

Format Paperback | 328 pages

Dimensions 152 x 229 x 18.03mm | 499g

Publication date 05 Nov 2011

Publisher Springer

Language English

Edition Statement 1970 ed.

Illustrations note 67 Illustrations, black and white; XIV, 328 p. 67 illus.

ISBN10 9401030626

ISBN13 9789401030625

书籍简介

在我看来，这本专着的英文出版表明天体物理学家对行星状星云的物理和动力学问题越来越感兴趣——行星状星云是理论天体物理学中最有趣和最富有成果的分支之一。他们的兴趣部分源于这样一个事实，即识别行星状星云中发生的物理过程的方法以及许多理论结果，现在随着其应用范围的扩大而获得一定程度的普遍性。最后，行星状星云的特殊宇宙意义正在变得明显。 《行星状星云》英文版与 1962 年出版的俄文版有很大不同，主要是因为其中包含了新的结果，但也因为大量的编辑修订。行星状星云中的磁场和流体动力学问题开始在这些天体的动力学研究中占据重要位置。 D. H. Menzel 最近的研究证实了在目前的专着中提出的关于行星状星云中存在磁场的想法。通过 F. D. Kahn、W. G. Mathews 和其他人的流体动力学研究，对行星状星云的动力学有了新的认识。不幸的是，我无法在当前版本中包含这些和其他有趣的结果。

The publication in English of this monograph seems to me to indicate the ever increasing interest of astrophysicists in the physical and dynamical problems of planetary nebulae-one of the most interesting and fruitful branches of theoretical astrophysics. Their interest in part arises from the fact that the methods of identify ing the physical processes occurring in planetary nebulae, as well as the many theo retical results, are now acquiring a degree of uni versality as their sphere of application increases. Finally, the special cosmic significance of planetary nebulae is becoming apparent. The English edition of Planetary Nebulae differs considerably from the Russian version published in 1962, primarily because of the new results included in it, but also because of numerous editorial revisions. The problems of magnetic fields and hydrodynamics in planetary nebulae are beginning to occupy an important place in the study of the dynamics of these objects. Recent studies by D. H. Menzel confirm the idea advanced in the present mono graph as to the existence of magnetic fields in planetary nebulae. New light is being cast on the dynamics of planetary nebulae by the hydrodynamic investigations of F. D. Kahn, W. G. Mathews and others. Unfortunately I was not able to include these and other interesting results in the present edition.

目录

I. Basic Observational Data.- 1. Forms of planetary nebulae.- 2. The structure of nebulae.- 3. Luminosity of nebulae and their nuclei.- 4. The spectra of nebulae.- 5. The spectra of the nuclei.- 6. Stratification of radiation.- 7. Expansion of planetary nebulae.- 8. Apparent distribution of planetary nebulae.- 9. Planetary nebulae in other galaxies.- 10. Spectral and morphological classification of nebulae.- 11. Designations and catalogues.- II. The Origin of Emission Lines.- 1. The nature of nebular emission.- 2. Rosseland's theorem.- 3. Fluorescence-Zanstra's theory.- 4. Excitation of the forbidden lines.- 5. Accumulation of atoms in metastable levels.- 6. The role of electron collisions.- 7. The stratification of radiation.- 8. The intensity of the Balmer lines.- 9. Degree of excitation.- 10. Ionization in the nebula.- 11. Ionization and excitation by electronic collisions.- 12. Chemical composition of planetary nebulae.- 13. Continuous absorption coefficients of several elements.- III. The Problem of Distances and Dimensions of Planetary Nebulae.- 1. The state of the problem.- 2. Methods of determining distances of planetary nebulae.- 3. The dispersion of luminosity and mass in planetary nebulae.- 4. Astrophysical methods of determining the distances of nebulae.- IV. Temperatures of Nuclei, Electron Temperatures and Electron Concentrations.- 1. Methods of determining temperatures of nuclei.- 2. Electron temperatures.- 3. Cooling of the inner regions of nebulae.- 4. The temperature gradients in nebulae.- 5. The possibility of determining the electron temperature of the central regions of nebulae from observations.- 6. The electron concentration.- 7. Planetary nebulae with very high densities.- 8. The masses of planetary nebulae.- V. The Continuous Spectrum of Planetary Nebulae.- 1. Observational data.- 2. Theory of two-quantum emission.- 3. The effects of collisions.- 4. Processes degrading L?-photons.- 5. The intensity of continuous radiation.- 6. Continuous emission of unknown origin.- 7. The possibility of synchrotron radiation.- 8. The possibility of radio emission.- VI. Radiative Equilibrum of Planetary Nebulae.- 1. The Lc-radiation field.- 2. The L?-radiation field.- 3. The radiation field in an expanding nebula.- 4. Diffusion of L?-radiation.- 5. Relaxation time.- 6. Radiation pressure in nebulae.- 7. The expansion of nebulae.- 8. The effect of thermal expansion. "Vacuum" in the centers of nebulae.- 9. Deceleration of nebulae.- VII. Double-Envelope Nebulae.- 1. Observations of double-envelope nebulae.- 2. Basic properties.- 3. The origin of the second envelope.- 4. The evolution of planetary nebulae.- 5. The theory of envelope separation.- 6. On the optical depth.- 7. Ring nebulae.- VIII. The Stability of the Forms of Gaseous Envelopes.- 1. The hydrodynamics of planetary nebulae.- 2. Statement of the problem.- 3. The stability of the forms of gaseous envelopes.- 4. The stability of planetary nebulae.- 5. The stability of nova envelopes.- 6. Stability of the envelopes of Wolf-Rayet stars.- 7. Application of the theory to duffuse nebulae.- 8. The influence of macroturbulence on the stability of the envelopes.- 9. On the motion of planetary nebulae in the interstellar medium.- IX. Magnetic Fields in Planetary Nebulae.- 1. The role of Galactic magnetic fields.- 2. Mechanical equilibrium in planetary nebulae with a magnetic field.- 3. Energy equilibrium of planetary nebulae.- 4. A point dipole.- 5. An extended dipole.- 6. Brightness distribution of a nebula with a magnetic field.- 7. Elongated nebulae.- 8. "Rectangular" nebulae.- 9. The magnetic field of NGC7293.- 10. Spiral planetary nebulae.- 11. Dissipation of magnetic energy.- 12. The interstellar magnetic field of the intermediate Galactic system.- 13. Some conclusions.- X. The Origin of Planetary Nebulae.- 1. The ejection hypothesis.- 2. The "residue" theory.- 3. The early age of the nuclei.- 4. The evolution of nuclei.- 5. The temperature of IC4997.- 6. The contribution of continuous ejection (continued).- 7. Rate of ejection of gaseous matter by Wolf-Rayet stars.- 8. Former nuclei of planetary nebulae.- 9. Hot stars at high Galactic latitudes.- 10. Humason-Zwicky objects.- 11. The origin of diffuse nebulae.- 12. The cosmogonic significance of planetary nebulae.- References.

作者简介

格里戈尔·古尔扎迪扬（1922 年 10 月 15 日 - 2014 年 2 月 22 日）是亚美尼亚天文学家，也是太空天文学的先驱。

Grigor Gurzadyan (October 15, 1922 – February 22, 2014) was an Armenian astronomer, and pioneer of space astronomy.