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书名：66句搞定考研语法长难句
定价：58.0
ISBN：9787300316154
作者：颉斌斌
版次：1
出版时间：2023-04
内容提要：
这本的内容是分为三部分，第一部分是本书的使用方法，旨在掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读。分为四节：重新认识长难句、“主干公式”让你秒懂长难句主干、复杂修饰成分给主干披上百变的外衣，汉化过程让你写出地道的汉语。第二部分是考研长难句66句精讲带背；第三部分考研阅读真题20篇逐句精翻练习（2005-2009）。
作者简介：
颉斌斌，原新东方教育集团国外考试部优秀教师，五车书教育创始人，北京文都教育集团巡回授课名师，高校教师。在 13年教学过程中，从所教授的托福、雅思、考研、四六级等国内外考试中，总结出一套应对客观化考试的标准化思维方法！讲课生动幽默，旁征博引，深谙考试规律，直击考点！在北京、上海、天津、西安、武汉、长沙等全国各地授课，教授的学生人数超10万人，深受学员喜爱！《考研阅读句句讲》（一）和（二）图书今年销量都超过3万，《考研英语词汇背诵宝：大纲版》今年发货量6.6万；作者在b站的粉丝有69.2万人，微博27.6万人，活跃度很高，已在考研老师队列中具有一定口碑和名气。
目录：
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读 1
第一节 重新认识长难句 ············································································ 2
第二节 “主干公式”让你秒懂长难句主干 ····················································· 3
第三节 复杂修饰成分，给主干披上百变的外衣 ·············································· 8
第四节 汉化过程，让你写出地道的汉语 ······················································· 9
考研长难句 66 句精讲带背
66 句 第 1 句 ····························································································13
66 句 第 2 句 ····························································································14
66 句 第 3 句 ····························································································15
66 句 第 4 句 ····························································································16
66 句 第 5 句 ····························································································17
66 句 第 6 句 ····························································································19
66 句 第 7 句 ····························································································21
66 句 第 8 句 ····························································································22
66 句 第 9 句 ····························································································24
66 句 第 10 句 ··························································································26
66 句 第 11 句 ··························································································27
66 句 第 12 句 ··························································································28
66 句 第 13 句 ··························································································30
66 句 第 14 句 ··························································································32
66 句 第 15 句 ··························································································33
66 句 第 16 句 ··························································································35
66 句 第 17 句 ··························································································36
66 句 第 18 句 ··························································································37
66 句 第 19 句 ··························································································38
2
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
66 句 第 20 句 ··························································································40
66 句 第 21 句 ··························································································42
66 句 第 22 句 ··························································································43
66 句 第 23 句 ··························································································45
66 句 第 24 句 ··························································································47
66 句 第 25 句 ··························································································48
66 句 第 26 句 ··························································································50
66 句 第 27 句 ··························································································51
66 句 第 28 句 ··························································································53
66 句 第 29 句 ··························································································55
66 句 第 30 句 ··························································································56
66 句 第 31 句 ··························································································58
66 句 第 32 句 ··························································································60
66 句 第 33 句 ··························································································62
66 句 第 34 句 ··························································································63
66 句 第 35 句 ··························································································64
66 句 第 36 句 ··························································································66
66 句 第 37 句 ··························································································67
66 句 第 38 句 ··························································································69
66 句 第 39 句 ··························································································71
66 句 第 40 句 ··························································································73
66 句 第 41 句 ··························································································74
66 句 第 42 句 ··························································································75
66 句 第 43 句 ··························································································77
66 句 第 44 句 ··························································································78
66 句 第 45 句 ··························································································79
66 句 第 46 句 ··························································································81
66 句 第 47 句 ··························································································84
66 句 第 48 句 ··························································································85
66 句 第 49 句 ··························································································86
66 句 第 50 句 ··························································································88
66 句 第 51 句 ··························································································89
66 句 第 52 句 ··························································································90
66 句 第 53 句 ··························································································92
66 句 第 54 句 ··························································································93
66 句 第 55 句 ··························································································95
66 句 第 56 句 ··························································································96
66 句 第 57 句 ··························································································98
66 句 第 58 句 ························································································ 100
CONTENTS 目 录
3
66 句 第 59 句 ························································································ 102
66 句 第 60 句 ························································································ 105
66 句 第 61 句 ························································································ 106
66 句 第 62 句 ························································································ 107
66 句 第 63 句 ························································································ 109
66 句 第 64 句 ························································································ 110
66 句 第 65 句 ·························································································111
66 句 第 66 句 ························································································ 112
考研阅读真题 20 篇逐句精翻练习（2005 年—2009 年）
2005 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 117
2005 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 125
2005 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 132
2005 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 140
2006 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 146
2006 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 154
2006 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 162
2006 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 170
2007 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 178
2007 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 185
2007 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 192
2007 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 199
2008 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 205
2008 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 213
2008 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 221
2008 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 228
2009 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 235
2009 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 242
2009 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 248
2009 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 255
在线试读：
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
第一节 重新认识长难句
首先要做的是正确认识长难句，消除恐惧心理。英语是形合的语言，所谓“合”就是句法组合，形合指的是
句子中的词语或分句之间，用语言形式手段显性连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。英语长句除了主干部分，
还有诸多短语、非谓语、从句等修饰成分。长难句的特点主要体现在两方面：一是句子结构层次复杂，从句嵌套
现象层出不穷；二是修饰成分多且复杂。下面通过英汉双语的例子带领大家体会简单句是如何转为长难句的。
例 1 ：龙卷风已经引起重视。
例 2 ：去年八月那场使七个国家遭受了极大损失的来势凶猛的龙卷风已经引起全球科学家的高度重视。
例 1 这样简单的汉语句子在增加表示时间、影响、规模等的修饰成分后，就变成了例 2 这样信息更加全面
的句子。
再如“It is difficult to do sth.”这样一个初中学生就掌握的句式结构经过不断增加修饰成分后，最终也可能
成为一个长难句。
（1）增加表示对象的状语成分（for sb.）
It is difficult for the average reader to imagine a time. 普通读者很难想象这样一个时代。
（2）增加对读者（reader）的修饰成分
It is difficult for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time. 四十岁以下的普通读者很难想象这
样一个时代。
（3）增加对时代（time）的修饰成分
It is difficult for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could
be found in most big-city newspapers. 四十岁以下的普通读者很难想象有一个时代曾经能够从大多数的大城市报
纸上看到高质量的艺术评论。
（4）增加对难度（difficult）的修饰成分
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when
high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 四十岁以下的普通读者几乎不可能想象得到
有一个时代曾经能够从大多数的大城市报纸上看到高质量的艺术评论。
再如，《新概念英语 3》第一课的文章 A Puma at Large（《逃遁的美洲狮》）的第一句：
例 3 ：Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
该句的主干是主系表结构，即“Pumas are animals”，句中有形容词 large、cat-like 和 which 引导的定语从
句来修饰表语 animals。
通过上述例子，可知长难句一般是由主干部分和修饰成分构成。由此可见，攻破长难句的重点就在于锁定
其主干部分。任何句子的主干都是简单句，按照动词种类来看，简单句有五种类型（见表 1），即主谓（S+V）、
主谓宾（S+V+O）、主谓宾宾（S+V+O1+O2）、主谓宾宾补（S+V+O+C）和主系表（S+V+P）。
表 1 五种英语简单句类型
主谓 I will leave.
主谓宾 I love you.
主谓宾宾 I give you a book.
主谓宾宾补 Love makes you crazy.
主系表 I am a student.
五种句子类型之所以各不相同，主要是因为谓语动词不同，例如，句子中的谓语是不及物动词，该句就是
主谓结构。句子中的谓语是及物动词，该句就是主谓宾结构。句子中的谓语是带双宾语的及物动词，该句就是
主谓双宾语结构。某些及物动词后面要跟直接宾语和间接宾语，才能使句意完整；还有一些及物动词，接了宾语，
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读
3
句意仍不完整，还需要有其他成分来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，由这样的及物动词担任谓语的句子就是主
谓宾宾补结构。主系表结构就是英语句子中的主要成分是主语、系动词和表语。
此处，对五种简单句结构的句子成分也略做讲解。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。薄冰将句子
成分分为 7 种，分别是主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（薄冰，2000 ：5）五种简单句类型涉及
的句子成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语和补语。
主语是一句的主体，是全句所述说的对象，常由名词或相当于名词的词担任，置于句首。（薄冰，2000：5）如：
例 4 ：Language is constantly and gradually evolving.
谓语是述说主语的动作或状态的，常由动词担任，置于主语之后。（薄冰，2000 ：5）如：
例 5 ：The leaves start to colour in autumn.
表语是表述主语的身份或特征的，常由名词或形容词担任，置于连系动词之后。（薄冰，2000 ：5）如：
例 6 ：Venice is beautiful.
例 7 ：He was an actor.
宾语是表示及物动词的动作对象和介词所联系的对象的，常由名词或相当于名词的词担任，置于及物动词
或介词等之后。（薄冰，2000 ：6）如：
例 8 ：You may ask anybody here for help.
例 9 ：I can’t see into the future.
定语是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的词，常由形容词或相当于形容词的词或从句担任。形容词常置于名
词之前，相当于形容词的词或从句常置于名词之后。（薄冰，2000 ：6）如：
例 10 ：I had a great teacher.
例 11 ：We barely had time to think.
例 12 ：People who are optimistic may live longer than those who are pessimistic.
补语是用来补充主语和宾语的意义的，一般都着重于说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。（薄冰，2000 ：6）当
使役动词、感官动词和表达心理状态的及物动词作谓语时，后接宾语和宾语补足语。如：
例 13 ：The bad news made him sit up.
修饰成分主要是定语、状语和同位语（有些语法书认为同位语是定语的一种类型，本书为表述清楚起见，
将定语和同位语分开讲解），通常由介词短语、形容词或形容词短语、副词或副词短语、非谓语动词短语以及
从句等来担任。具体讲解见第三节。
第二节 “主干公式”让你秒懂长难句主干
本节主要介绍“三步法”，即“看标点，做预判”“数谓语动词，再数连词”“利用主干公式，推出主干的
谓语动词”，帮助锁定长难句的主干。
第一步：看标点，做预判。
首先，要知道为什么先看标点。标点符号是非常明显的分隔符号，能够帮助我们快速判断句子的层次。分
析句子就好比观察一座山，从宏观到微观，先从山顶俯视这座山的脉络以及形状，做大体了解。看一个句子也
一样，不能只是聚焦在单个的单词上，而是应该通过标点符号，大致了解句子，对句子做出预判。其次，明
确看哪些标点。英文中常见的标点符号有 11 个，分别是句号（.）、逗号（,）、分号（;）、冒号（:）、问号（?）、
感叹号（!）、省略号（...）、撇号（’）、破折号（—）、圆括号（()）和方括号（[]）。（陈倩，2013）其中逗号、
分号、冒号和破折号是判断句子主干的主要标点符号。最后，清楚预判什么。通过标点符号来预判句子的主干
在前面还是在后面，以此快速锁定主句的大体位置。
4
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
1. 逗号。看到一个句子中间有一个或若干个逗号，如果其中一个逗号前面的部分出现介词短语、非谓语动
词短语或连词引导的从句等，就说明该句的主干在逗号后面；反之，如果逗号后面的部分出现介词短语、非谓
语动词短语或连词引导的从句等，就说明该句的主干在逗号之前。如下例：
例 14 ：At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those
modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
译文：然而，在青春期末，大脑会关闭一半的这种能力，只保留那些在生命的头十年左右最有价值的思维
方式。
在这句话中，共出现 3 个逗号，第一个逗号之前是表明时间的介词短语，第二个逗号前是表示转折含义的
副词，第三个逗号后面是现在分词短语 preserving...，因此迅速判断该句主干是第二个和第三个逗号之间的内容。
2. 分号。分号是用于连接两个有些关联，但同时都是独立句子的标点符号，其功能相当于英文中的并列连
词 and、but 和 or。当连接副词（比如：moreover，nevertheless，however，otherwise，therefore，then，finally，
likewise，consequently）连接两个句子的时候可以使用分号。如例 15 ：
例 15 ：Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of
these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities
for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.
译文：毫无疑问，这两个领域的发展对于贫困国家以及其他国家的社会、政治和文化发展至关重要；传统
观点认为教育应当是促进贫困国家经济快速发展的首要力量之一，然而这种观点是错误的。
该句中由分号连接了两个独立的句子，由分号后的连接副词可知两句之间有转折关系。通过分号这一标点
符号快速分解了这个所谓的长难句，再进行分析时便不难。
3. 冒号。英文中冒号使用的频率不是很高，但在某些情况下也会使用，其中一种情况是用于引出后面的介
绍或对前面内容的进一步解释（冒号的其他用法不在此赘述）。换言之，冒号后的内容并非主干，只是起解释
或说明的作用。如例 16、例 17 ：
例 16 ：Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job center with a song in your heart, delighted at the
prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
译文：失业是痛苦的：你不会蹦蹦跳跳、心里哼着歌去就业中心，憧憬着从这个慷慨国度领取双倍收入从
而欢呼雀跃。
例 16 中冒号前后都是独立的句子，冒号前是主干，其后的内容为解释。
例 17 ：The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation
stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.
译文：有这类变化风险的塑料制品种类繁多到令人眼花缭乱：早期的收音机、前卫的雕塑、迪斯尼动画电
影中的画面胶片以及第一个人造心脏。
该句是简单句，句中冒号后是四个名词短语，举例说明冒号前所讲的“塑料制品种类繁多”，其语法功能
是同位语。
4. 破折号。英文中有三种符号看似都可以对应中文的破折号，分别是：连字符 [hyphen (-)]、短破折号
[en dash (–)] 和长破折号 [em dash (—)]，不同类型的破折号用法不同，此处仅谈论长破折号 [em dash (—)]。长
破折号的使用方法及功能和中文中的破折号非常类似，可以起到冒号、括号和插入的功能，换言之，长破折号
后的内容或者两个破折号之间的内容都不是主干。如例 18、例 19 ：
例 18 ：As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for
conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue
of dearth of integrity still stand.
译文：虽然窃听案件已经结束——《世界新闻报》前主编安迪 · 默尔森因为谋划窃听电话被判有罪，其前
任主编利百加 · 布鲁克斯则被判无罪——但是诚信缺失这个更大的问题仍然存在。
例 19 ：Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读
5
and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age,
and so on—after examining artifacts in museums.
译文：在诺瓦科学技术学院从事文物保护与修复工作的助理教授乔安娜 · 莉亚 · 费雷拉（Joana Lia
Ferreira）指出，考古学家在检查了博物馆中的文物之后，首先确定了人类历史上伟大的物质时代——石器时代、
铁器时代等。
例 18、例 19 有两个破折号，一般两个破折号中间的内容是解释说明或插入语，因此先看破折号两边，以
明确主干部分。例 19 中第一个破折号相当于冒号，介绍人类历史上伟大的物质时代，由此可确定该句的主干
部分在第一个破折号之前，再根据其他策略快速锁定主干。
所以，标点符号的作用不可小觑，它能帮助我们快速锁定主句的位置。
第二步，数谓语动词，再数连词。
首先，需要明晰谓语动词。英语中的谓语是指含有“时”和“态”内涵的动词或者动词组合。从形式上来看，
句子里的谓语主要有三种表现形式：时态、语态和情态。（1）时态。汉语依赖时间状语来体现时态，英语则依
赖动词形式的变化来体现时态。英语中共有 16 种时态、6 种常用时态（一般现在时、一般过去式、一般将来时、
现在进行时、过去进行时、过去完成时），以时态形式表现的动词就是谓语，而仅含有“态”内涵的动词或者
动词组合为非谓语动词。例如，Tom doing his homework 中，doing 只表示了动作的状态（即正在做），却没有
表明时间，所以 doing 不是谓语，是非谓语动词，该例也不是完整的句子；再如“Tom is doing his homework”
一句中，is 表明时间为“现在”，doing 表示动作的状态，因此 is doing 是该句的谓语。通过表 2，可复习 9 种
常见的时态。特别需要注意的是进行态和完成态的谓语需要借助系动词或助动词 have 和实意动词共同构成，
有时系动词或助动词与实意动词之间会被介词短语或者副词、副词短语分隔开来，给读者造成困惑，如短语
have largely done/have in large part done。（2）语态。英语中有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。在英语语法中，
语态指的是应用于动词的一种语法规则，表示主语与动作之间的关系。 主动语态中主语是动作的发出者，被
动语态中主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才
有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”“受”“给”等词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分
词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变 be 的形式，过去分词部分不变。（3）情态。情态动词是表示语气的单词，
但是不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词用在行为动词前，表示说话人对这一动作或状
态的看法或主观设想。情态动词虽然数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列几个：can (could)，will (would)，may
(might)，must，need，shall (should)，ought to，dare。值得注意的是，我们将 be able to、be willing to、be likely
to 和 have to 视为特殊的情态动词，故此 be able to do、be willing to do、be likely to do、have to do 也是谓语的
一种形式。除了以上三种常见的谓语动词表现形式，我们还会遇到一些复杂的谓语动词形式，但是也都源于这
三种基本形式，可能是组合了其中某两种。例如，主语 + have been done...，此处谓语是动词的现在完成被动语
态形式，即结合了第一种和第二种谓语动词形式；再如，主语 + should have done...，此处谓语是“情态动词 +
动词的现在完成时形式”，即结合了第一种和第三种谓语动词形式。此外，有时复合谓语的助动词 / 情态动词
和动词之间有其他成分，如副词插入两者之间，这样会造成混淆，大家要注意这一点。以现在完成时为例，有
时助动词 have 和动词过去分词 done 之间会因副词等插入而分隔开来，但二者共同构成复合谓语，缺一不可，
不可单独将 have 或 done 看作谓语动词。第二种和第三种谓语形式同理。
表 2 常见时态的谓语形式
过去时
（did）
现在时
（do）
将来时
（will）
动作状态
did does do will do 一般态（do）
was/were doing am/is/are doing will be doing 进行态（doing）
had done has/have done will have done 完成态（done）
6
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
例 20 ：But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long
been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who
is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs Boson.
译文：但是诺贝尔奖对于每一奖项的获奖人数限制（不能超过 3 位且都在世）已经不能适应现代研究项目大
规模合作的特点了——这一点在给希格斯玻色子的发现者授奖后将暴露无遗，因为人们必然会议论谁被忽视了。
用上述三种常见谓语表现形式寻找例 20 中的谓语动词，可以发现有现在进行时主动语态 must be living，
现在完成时被动语态 has been outgrown，一般将来时被动语态 will be demonstrated，一般现在时被动语态 is
ignored 以及一般现在时主动语态 comes。这些带有时态、语态、情态的动词或动词短语都是谓语。
例 21 ：There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.
译文：终将有一天，《纽约时报》停止通过纸质媒介刊登文章。
例 21 中，There 之后有情态动词 will，则可断定“will+ 行为动词 come”为谓语，动词 ceases 是一般现在
时的谓语形式。
例 22 ：The bodies playing major professional sports have dramatically changed over the years, and managers
have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
译文：这些年来，职业运动员的体格发生了显著变化。教练们非常乐意调整队服以适应越来越多身材更加
魁梧的运动员。
该句中共有两个谓语，分别是现在完成时的谓语形式 have changed 和同时含有现在完成时态和情态动词的
“be willing to+ 动词原形”的谓语形式（have been willing to adjust）。
综上所述，我们在数句子的谓语动词个数时，应将以上三种谓语动词表现形式及其组合形式牢记于心，并
注意动词 -ed 形式，如此一来找出真正的谓语动词并不困难。
其次，明确数什么样的连词。只数连接句子的连词——从属连词、并列连词、关系代词。从属连词用于引
导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素。从属连词可以大致分为名词性从句里的从属连词（如 that、
if、whether）和状语从句里的从属连词（如 when、before、after、since、if、because、though 等）。需要注意
的是，有些从属连词，如 before、after、since 也可以作介词，可以接非谓语动词或非谓语动词短语以充当句子
的状语等成分，遇到这类词需要明确其不是连词，不在计算范围内。并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有
相同句法功能的词、短语或句子，并列连词包括基本并列连词（如 and、or、but）和关联连词（如 either...or，
neither...nor，not only...but also，both ...and，whether...or 等）。应注意的是，连接词或短语的并列连词也不在计
算范围，只须数连接句子的并列连词。定语从句修饰复合句中的名词或代词，通常把这个被修饰词叫做先行词，
把引导定语从句且在从句中作主语、宾语或定语的引导词叫做关系代词。常见的关系代词有指人的关系代词
（who、whose、whom），指物的关系代词（which、whose、which），指人或物的关系代词（that、whose）和其
他关系代词（but、as、than）。关系代词的具体用法此处不再赘述。
例 23 ：More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards
despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
例 23 中，连词 while 后跟现在分词短语 examining housing construction ；谓语 discovered 后面的 that 引导
了从句，是从属连词。
第三步，利用主干公式，推出主干的谓语动词。
做好了前面的铺垫，我们如何快速找出哪个谓语动词是主句的谓语动词？在此引出一个主干公式（见图 1），
也就是在一个句子中，有 n 个谓语动词，必然会有 n–1 个连词。主干公式的推理过程：句中有一个连词就会有
一个从句，有一个从句就会有一个从句的谓语动词。当连词个数等于 n–1 时，从句和并列句的谓语动词的个数
也等于 n–1，而整个句子有 n 个谓语动词，谓语动词个数 n 减去连词个数 n–1 等于 1，这多出来的一个谓语动词，
其实就是主干的谓语动词。
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读
7
n᭛ߔ䃹͖喏n 1᭛䔊䃹͖
连词
动词
n 1
n =
图 1 推理主干的谓语动词公式
例 24 ：When I returned home, I found that I had left my key in the office.
第一步，“看标点做预判”，可知主干在后半部分；第二步，“数谓语动词，再数连词”，可知谓语动词的个数是
3 个，分别是 returned、found 和 had left；连词个数是 2 个，分别是 when 和 that ；第三步，“利用主干公式，
推出主干的谓语动词”，句中有 2 个连词（when 和 that），对应 2 个谓语动词（returned 和 had left），那么多出
的谓语动词 found 就是主干的谓语动词。
例 25 ：Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the
connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
该句中没有本文谈及的标点符号，故跳过第一步；从第二步可知谓语有 4 个，连词有 3 个；第三步，根据
主干公式进行推理（谓语个数比连词个数多一个），将连词和谓语一一对应，可知 is no easy task 中的 is 就是主
干的谓语动词。
用一用：运用“主干公式法”找下列句子的主干。
1. I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.
2. The child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop capacity for appropriate
responses will experience greatly intellectual development.
3. More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years,
according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.
在运用上述三步骤分析长难句的时候，需要特别注意三个难点：
（1）如何区分主谓宾宾和主谓宾宾补？
有些及物动词（如 teach、tell、show、bring、give、offer、lend、pass、sell、send 等）作谓语时，后面可
以跟两个宾语，句子的意思才更完整，如“I teach him English.”，其中 him 是间接宾语，English 是直接宾语，
这样的句子结构是主谓宾宾结构。而有些及物动词，如表心理状态和情感状态的动词 feel、hear、let、help、
keep、call、ask、think、want、find 等，感官动词 watch、see、hear 以及使役动词 make、have、let，作谓语动词时，
只接宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，我们称该成分为宾语补
定价：58.0
ISBN：9787300316154
作者：颉斌斌
版次：1
出版时间：2023-04
内容提要：
这本的内容是分为三部分，第一部分是本书的使用方法，旨在掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读。分为四节：重新认识长难句、“主干公式”让你秒懂长难句主干、复杂修饰成分给主干披上百变的外衣，汉化过程让你写出地道的汉语。第二部分是考研长难句66句精讲带背；第三部分考研阅读真题20篇逐句精翻练习（2005-2009）。
作者简介：
颉斌斌，原新东方教育集团国外考试部优秀教师，五车书教育创始人，北京文都教育集团巡回授课名师，高校教师。在 13年教学过程中，从所教授的托福、雅思、考研、四六级等国内外考试中，总结出一套应对客观化考试的标准化思维方法！讲课生动幽默，旁征博引，深谙考试规律，直击考点！在北京、上海、天津、西安、武汉、长沙等全国各地授课，教授的学生人数超10万人，深受学员喜爱！《考研阅读句句讲》（一）和（二）图书今年销量都超过3万，《考研英语词汇背诵宝：大纲版》今年发货量6.6万；作者在b站的粉丝有69.2万人，微博27.6万人，活跃度很高，已在考研老师队列中具有一定口碑和名气。
目录：
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读 1
第一节 重新认识长难句 ············································································ 2
第二节 “主干公式”让你秒懂长难句主干 ····················································· 3
第三节 复杂修饰成分，给主干披上百变的外衣 ·············································· 8
第四节 汉化过程，让你写出地道的汉语 ······················································· 9
考研长难句 66 句精讲带背
66 句 第 1 句 ····························································································13
66 句 第 2 句 ····························································································14
66 句 第 3 句 ····························································································15
66 句 第 4 句 ····························································································16
66 句 第 5 句 ····························································································17
66 句 第 6 句 ····························································································19
66 句 第 7 句 ····························································································21
66 句 第 8 句 ····························································································22
66 句 第 9 句 ····························································································24
66 句 第 10 句 ··························································································26
66 句 第 11 句 ··························································································27
66 句 第 12 句 ··························································································28
66 句 第 13 句 ··························································································30
66 句 第 14 句 ··························································································32
66 句 第 15 句 ··························································································33
66 句 第 16 句 ··························································································35
66 句 第 17 句 ··························································································36
66 句 第 18 句 ··························································································37
66 句 第 19 句 ··························································································38
2
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
66 句 第 20 句 ··························································································40
66 句 第 21 句 ··························································································42
66 句 第 22 句 ··························································································43
66 句 第 23 句 ··························································································45
66 句 第 24 句 ··························································································47
66 句 第 25 句 ··························································································48
66 句 第 26 句 ··························································································50
66 句 第 27 句 ··························································································51
66 句 第 28 句 ··························································································53
66 句 第 29 句 ··························································································55
66 句 第 30 句 ··························································································56
66 句 第 31 句 ··························································································58
66 句 第 32 句 ··························································································60
66 句 第 33 句 ··························································································62
66 句 第 34 句 ··························································································63
66 句 第 35 句 ··························································································64
66 句 第 36 句 ··························································································66
66 句 第 37 句 ··························································································67
66 句 第 38 句 ··························································································69
66 句 第 39 句 ··························································································71
66 句 第 40 句 ··························································································73
66 句 第 41 句 ··························································································74
66 句 第 42 句 ··························································································75
66 句 第 43 句 ··························································································77
66 句 第 44 句 ··························································································78
66 句 第 45 句 ··························································································79
66 句 第 46 句 ··························································································81
66 句 第 47 句 ··························································································84
66 句 第 48 句 ··························································································85
66 句 第 49 句 ··························································································86
66 句 第 50 句 ··························································································88
66 句 第 51 句 ··························································································89
66 句 第 52 句 ··························································································90
66 句 第 53 句 ··························································································92
66 句 第 54 句 ··························································································93
66 句 第 55 句 ··························································································95
66 句 第 56 句 ··························································································96
66 句 第 57 句 ··························································································98
66 句 第 58 句 ························································································ 100
CONTENTS 目 录
3
66 句 第 59 句 ························································································ 102
66 句 第 60 句 ························································································ 105
66 句 第 61 句 ························································································ 106
66 句 第 62 句 ························································································ 107
66 句 第 63 句 ························································································ 109
66 句 第 64 句 ························································································ 110
66 句 第 65 句 ·························································································111
66 句 第 66 句 ························································································ 112
考研阅读真题 20 篇逐句精翻练习（2005 年—2009 年）
2005 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 117
2005 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 125
2005 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 132
2005 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 140
2006 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 146
2006 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 154
2006 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 162
2006 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 170
2007 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 178
2007 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 185
2007 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 192
2007 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 199
2008 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 205
2008 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 213
2008 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 221
2008 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 228
2009 年英语一 Text 1 ·············································································· 235
2009 年英语一 Text 2 ·············································································· 242
2009 年英语一 Text 3 ·············································································· 248
2009 年英语一 Text 4 ·············································································· 255
在线试读：
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
第一节 重新认识长难句
首先要做的是正确认识长难句，消除恐惧心理。英语是形合的语言，所谓“合”就是句法组合，形合指的是
句子中的词语或分句之间，用语言形式手段显性连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。英语长句除了主干部分，
还有诸多短语、非谓语、从句等修饰成分。长难句的特点主要体现在两方面：一是句子结构层次复杂，从句嵌套
现象层出不穷；二是修饰成分多且复杂。下面通过英汉双语的例子带领大家体会简单句是如何转为长难句的。
例 1 ：龙卷风已经引起重视。
例 2 ：去年八月那场使七个国家遭受了极大损失的来势凶猛的龙卷风已经引起全球科学家的高度重视。
例 1 这样简单的汉语句子在增加表示时间、影响、规模等的修饰成分后，就变成了例 2 这样信息更加全面
的句子。
再如“It is difficult to do sth.”这样一个初中学生就掌握的句式结构经过不断增加修饰成分后，最终也可能
成为一个长难句。
（1）增加表示对象的状语成分（for sb.）
It is difficult for the average reader to imagine a time. 普通读者很难想象这样一个时代。
（2）增加对读者（reader）的修饰成分
It is difficult for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time. 四十岁以下的普通读者很难想象这
样一个时代。
（3）增加对时代（time）的修饰成分
It is difficult for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could
be found in most big-city newspapers. 四十岁以下的普通读者很难想象有一个时代曾经能够从大多数的大城市报
纸上看到高质量的艺术评论。
（4）增加对难度（difficult）的修饰成分
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when
high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 四十岁以下的普通读者几乎不可能想象得到
有一个时代曾经能够从大多数的大城市报纸上看到高质量的艺术评论。
再如，《新概念英语 3》第一课的文章 A Puma at Large（《逃遁的美洲狮》）的第一句：
例 3 ：Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
该句的主干是主系表结构，即“Pumas are animals”，句中有形容词 large、cat-like 和 which 引导的定语从
句来修饰表语 animals。
通过上述例子，可知长难句一般是由主干部分和修饰成分构成。由此可见，攻破长难句的重点就在于锁定
其主干部分。任何句子的主干都是简单句，按照动词种类来看，简单句有五种类型（见表 1），即主谓（S+V）、
主谓宾（S+V+O）、主谓宾宾（S+V+O1+O2）、主谓宾宾补（S+V+O+C）和主系表（S+V+P）。
表 1 五种英语简单句类型
主谓 I will leave.
主谓宾 I love you.
主谓宾宾 I give you a book.
主谓宾宾补 Love makes you crazy.
主系表 I am a student.
五种句子类型之所以各不相同，主要是因为谓语动词不同，例如，句子中的谓语是不及物动词，该句就是
主谓结构。句子中的谓语是及物动词，该句就是主谓宾结构。句子中的谓语是带双宾语的及物动词，该句就是
主谓双宾语结构。某些及物动词后面要跟直接宾语和间接宾语，才能使句意完整；还有一些及物动词，接了宾语，
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读
3
句意仍不完整，还需要有其他成分来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，由这样的及物动词担任谓语的句子就是主
谓宾宾补结构。主系表结构就是英语句子中的主要成分是主语、系动词和表语。
此处，对五种简单句结构的句子成分也略做讲解。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。薄冰将句子
成分分为 7 种，分别是主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（薄冰，2000 ：5）五种简单句类型涉及
的句子成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语和补语。
主语是一句的主体，是全句所述说的对象，常由名词或相当于名词的词担任，置于句首。（薄冰，2000：5）如：
例 4 ：Language is constantly and gradually evolving.
谓语是述说主语的动作或状态的，常由动词担任，置于主语之后。（薄冰，2000 ：5）如：
例 5 ：The leaves start to colour in autumn.
表语是表述主语的身份或特征的，常由名词或形容词担任，置于连系动词之后。（薄冰，2000 ：5）如：
例 6 ：Venice is beautiful.
例 7 ：He was an actor.
宾语是表示及物动词的动作对象和介词所联系的对象的，常由名词或相当于名词的词担任，置于及物动词
或介词等之后。（薄冰，2000 ：6）如：
例 8 ：You may ask anybody here for help.
例 9 ：I can’t see into the future.
定语是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的词，常由形容词或相当于形容词的词或从句担任。形容词常置于名
词之前，相当于形容词的词或从句常置于名词之后。（薄冰，2000 ：6）如：
例 10 ：I had a great teacher.
例 11 ：We barely had time to think.
例 12 ：People who are optimistic may live longer than those who are pessimistic.
补语是用来补充主语和宾语的意义的，一般都着重于说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。（薄冰，2000 ：6）当
使役动词、感官动词和表达心理状态的及物动词作谓语时，后接宾语和宾语补足语。如：
例 13 ：The bad news made him sit up.
修饰成分主要是定语、状语和同位语（有些语法书认为同位语是定语的一种类型，本书为表述清楚起见，
将定语和同位语分开讲解），通常由介词短语、形容词或形容词短语、副词或副词短语、非谓语动词短语以及
从句等来担任。具体讲解见第三节。
第二节 “主干公式”让你秒懂长难句主干
本节主要介绍“三步法”，即“看标点，做预判”“数谓语动词，再数连词”“利用主干公式，推出主干的
谓语动词”，帮助锁定长难句的主干。
第一步：看标点，做预判。
首先，要知道为什么先看标点。标点符号是非常明显的分隔符号，能够帮助我们快速判断句子的层次。分
析句子就好比观察一座山，从宏观到微观，先从山顶俯视这座山的脉络以及形状，做大体了解。看一个句子也
一样，不能只是聚焦在单个的单词上，而是应该通过标点符号，大致了解句子，对句子做出预判。其次，明
确看哪些标点。英文中常见的标点符号有 11 个，分别是句号（.）、逗号（,）、分号（;）、冒号（:）、问号（?）、
感叹号（!）、省略号（...）、撇号（’）、破折号（—）、圆括号（()）和方括号（[]）。（陈倩，2013）其中逗号、
分号、冒号和破折号是判断句子主干的主要标点符号。最后，清楚预判什么。通过标点符号来预判句子的主干
在前面还是在后面，以此快速锁定主句的大体位置。
4
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
1. 逗号。看到一个句子中间有一个或若干个逗号，如果其中一个逗号前面的部分出现介词短语、非谓语动
词短语或连词引导的从句等，就说明该句的主干在逗号后面；反之，如果逗号后面的部分出现介词短语、非谓
语动词短语或连词引导的从句等，就说明该句的主干在逗号之前。如下例：
例 14 ：At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those
modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
译文：然而，在青春期末，大脑会关闭一半的这种能力，只保留那些在生命的头十年左右最有价值的思维
方式。
在这句话中，共出现 3 个逗号，第一个逗号之前是表明时间的介词短语，第二个逗号前是表示转折含义的
副词，第三个逗号后面是现在分词短语 preserving...，因此迅速判断该句主干是第二个和第三个逗号之间的内容。
2. 分号。分号是用于连接两个有些关联，但同时都是独立句子的标点符号，其功能相当于英文中的并列连
词 and、but 和 or。当连接副词（比如：moreover，nevertheless，however，otherwise，therefore，then，finally，
likewise，consequently）连接两个句子的时候可以使用分号。如例 15 ：
例 15 ：Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of
these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities
for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.
译文：毫无疑问，这两个领域的发展对于贫困国家以及其他国家的社会、政治和文化发展至关重要；传统
观点认为教育应当是促进贫困国家经济快速发展的首要力量之一，然而这种观点是错误的。
该句中由分号连接了两个独立的句子，由分号后的连接副词可知两句之间有转折关系。通过分号这一标点
符号快速分解了这个所谓的长难句，再进行分析时便不难。
3. 冒号。英文中冒号使用的频率不是很高，但在某些情况下也会使用，其中一种情况是用于引出后面的介
绍或对前面内容的进一步解释（冒号的其他用法不在此赘述）。换言之，冒号后的内容并非主干，只是起解释
或说明的作用。如例 16、例 17 ：
例 16 ：Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job center with a song in your heart, delighted at the
prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
译文：失业是痛苦的：你不会蹦蹦跳跳、心里哼着歌去就业中心，憧憬着从这个慷慨国度领取双倍收入从
而欢呼雀跃。
例 16 中冒号前后都是独立的句子，冒号前是主干，其后的内容为解释。
例 17 ：The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation
stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.
译文：有这类变化风险的塑料制品种类繁多到令人眼花缭乱：早期的收音机、前卫的雕塑、迪斯尼动画电
影中的画面胶片以及第一个人造心脏。
该句是简单句，句中冒号后是四个名词短语，举例说明冒号前所讲的“塑料制品种类繁多”，其语法功能
是同位语。
4. 破折号。英文中有三种符号看似都可以对应中文的破折号，分别是：连字符 [hyphen (-)]、短破折号
[en dash (–)] 和长破折号 [em dash (—)]，不同类型的破折号用法不同，此处仅谈论长破折号 [em dash (—)]。长
破折号的使用方法及功能和中文中的破折号非常类似，可以起到冒号、括号和插入的功能，换言之，长破折号
后的内容或者两个破折号之间的内容都不是主干。如例 18、例 19 ：
例 18 ：As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for
conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue
of dearth of integrity still stand.
译文：虽然窃听案件已经结束——《世界新闻报》前主编安迪 · 默尔森因为谋划窃听电话被判有罪，其前
任主编利百加 · 布鲁克斯则被判无罪——但是诚信缺失这个更大的问题仍然存在。
例 19 ：Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读
5
and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age,
and so on—after examining artifacts in museums.
译文：在诺瓦科学技术学院从事文物保护与修复工作的助理教授乔安娜 · 莉亚 · 费雷拉（Joana Lia
Ferreira）指出，考古学家在检查了博物馆中的文物之后，首先确定了人类历史上伟大的物质时代——石器时代、
铁器时代等。
例 18、例 19 有两个破折号，一般两个破折号中间的内容是解释说明或插入语，因此先看破折号两边，以
明确主干部分。例 19 中第一个破折号相当于冒号，介绍人类历史上伟大的物质时代，由此可确定该句的主干
部分在第一个破折号之前，再根据其他策略快速锁定主干。
所以，标点符号的作用不可小觑，它能帮助我们快速锁定主句的位置。
第二步，数谓语动词，再数连词。
首先，需要明晰谓语动词。英语中的谓语是指含有“时”和“态”内涵的动词或者动词组合。从形式上来看，
句子里的谓语主要有三种表现形式：时态、语态和情态。（1）时态。汉语依赖时间状语来体现时态，英语则依
赖动词形式的变化来体现时态。英语中共有 16 种时态、6 种常用时态（一般现在时、一般过去式、一般将来时、
现在进行时、过去进行时、过去完成时），以时态形式表现的动词就是谓语，而仅含有“态”内涵的动词或者
动词组合为非谓语动词。例如，Tom doing his homework 中，doing 只表示了动作的状态（即正在做），却没有
表明时间，所以 doing 不是谓语，是非谓语动词，该例也不是完整的句子；再如“Tom is doing his homework”
一句中，is 表明时间为“现在”，doing 表示动作的状态，因此 is doing 是该句的谓语。通过表 2，可复习 9 种
常见的时态。特别需要注意的是进行态和完成态的谓语需要借助系动词或助动词 have 和实意动词共同构成，
有时系动词或助动词与实意动词之间会被介词短语或者副词、副词短语分隔开来，给读者造成困惑，如短语
have largely done/have in large part done。（2）语态。英语中有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。在英语语法中，
语态指的是应用于动词的一种语法规则，表示主语与动作之间的关系。 主动语态中主语是动作的发出者，被
动语态中主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才
有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”“受”“给”等词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分
词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变 be 的形式，过去分词部分不变。（3）情态。情态动词是表示语气的单词，
但是不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词用在行为动词前，表示说话人对这一动作或状
态的看法或主观设想。情态动词虽然数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列几个：can (could)，will (would)，may
(might)，must，need，shall (should)，ought to，dare。值得注意的是，我们将 be able to、be willing to、be likely
to 和 have to 视为特殊的情态动词，故此 be able to do、be willing to do、be likely to do、have to do 也是谓语的
一种形式。除了以上三种常见的谓语动词表现形式，我们还会遇到一些复杂的谓语动词形式，但是也都源于这
三种基本形式，可能是组合了其中某两种。例如，主语 + have been done...，此处谓语是动词的现在完成被动语
态形式，即结合了第一种和第二种谓语动词形式；再如，主语 + should have done...，此处谓语是“情态动词 +
动词的现在完成时形式”，即结合了第一种和第三种谓语动词形式。此外，有时复合谓语的助动词 / 情态动词
和动词之间有其他成分，如副词插入两者之间，这样会造成混淆，大家要注意这一点。以现在完成时为例，有
时助动词 have 和动词过去分词 done 之间会因副词等插入而分隔开来，但二者共同构成复合谓语，缺一不可，
不可单独将 have 或 done 看作谓语动词。第二种和第三种谓语形式同理。
表 2 常见时态的谓语形式
过去时
（did）
现在时
（do）
将来时
（will）
动作状态
did does do will do 一般态（do）
was/were doing am/is/are doing will be doing 进行态（doing）
had done has/have done will have done 完成态（done）
6
66 句搞定考研语法长难句
例 20 ：But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long
been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who
is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs Boson.
译文：但是诺贝尔奖对于每一奖项的获奖人数限制（不能超过 3 位且都在世）已经不能适应现代研究项目大
规模合作的特点了——这一点在给希格斯玻色子的发现者授奖后将暴露无遗，因为人们必然会议论谁被忽视了。
用上述三种常见谓语表现形式寻找例 20 中的谓语动词，可以发现有现在进行时主动语态 must be living，
现在完成时被动语态 has been outgrown，一般将来时被动语态 will be demonstrated，一般现在时被动语态 is
ignored 以及一般现在时主动语态 comes。这些带有时态、语态、情态的动词或动词短语都是谓语。
例 21 ：There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.
译文：终将有一天，《纽约时报》停止通过纸质媒介刊登文章。
例 21 中，There 之后有情态动词 will，则可断定“will+ 行为动词 come”为谓语，动词 ceases 是一般现在
时的谓语形式。
例 22 ：The bodies playing major professional sports have dramatically changed over the years, and managers
have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
译文：这些年来，职业运动员的体格发生了显著变化。教练们非常乐意调整队服以适应越来越多身材更加
魁梧的运动员。
该句中共有两个谓语，分别是现在完成时的谓语形式 have changed 和同时含有现在完成时态和情态动词的
“be willing to+ 动词原形”的谓语形式（have been willing to adjust）。
综上所述，我们在数句子的谓语动词个数时，应将以上三种谓语动词表现形式及其组合形式牢记于心，并
注意动词 -ed 形式，如此一来找出真正的谓语动词并不困难。
其次，明确数什么样的连词。只数连接句子的连词——从属连词、并列连词、关系代词。从属连词用于引
导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素。从属连词可以大致分为名词性从句里的从属连词（如 that、
if、whether）和状语从句里的从属连词（如 when、before、after、since、if、because、though 等）。需要注意
的是，有些从属连词，如 before、after、since 也可以作介词，可以接非谓语动词或非谓语动词短语以充当句子
的状语等成分，遇到这类词需要明确其不是连词，不在计算范围内。并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有
相同句法功能的词、短语或句子，并列连词包括基本并列连词（如 and、or、but）和关联连词（如 either...or，
neither...nor，not only...but also，both ...and，whether...or 等）。应注意的是，连接词或短语的并列连词也不在计
算范围，只须数连接句子的并列连词。定语从句修饰复合句中的名词或代词，通常把这个被修饰词叫做先行词，
把引导定语从句且在从句中作主语、宾语或定语的引导词叫做关系代词。常见的关系代词有指人的关系代词
（who、whose、whom），指物的关系代词（which、whose、which），指人或物的关系代词（that、whose）和其
他关系代词（but、as、than）。关系代词的具体用法此处不再赘述。
例 23 ：More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards
despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
例 23 中，连词 while 后跟现在分词短语 examining housing construction ；谓语 discovered 后面的 that 引导
了从句，是从属连词。
第三步，利用主干公式，推出主干的谓语动词。
做好了前面的铺垫，我们如何快速找出哪个谓语动词是主句的谓语动词？在此引出一个主干公式（见图 1），
也就是在一个句子中，有 n 个谓语动词，必然会有 n–1 个连词。主干公式的推理过程：句中有一个连词就会有
一个从句，有一个从句就会有一个从句的谓语动词。当连词个数等于 n–1 时，从句和并列句的谓语动词的个数
也等于 n–1，而整个句子有 n 个谓语动词，谓语动词个数 n 减去连词个数 n–1 等于 1，这多出来的一个谓语动词，
其实就是主干的谓语动词。
掌握长难句分析思路，轻松看懂考研英语阅读
7
n᭛ߔ䃹͖喏n 1᭛䔊䃹͖
连词
动词
n 1
n =
图 1 推理主干的谓语动词公式
例 24 ：When I returned home, I found that I had left my key in the office.
第一步，“看标点做预判”，可知主干在后半部分；第二步，“数谓语动词，再数连词”，可知谓语动词的个数是
3 个，分别是 returned、found 和 had left；连词个数是 2 个，分别是 when 和 that ；第三步，“利用主干公式，
推出主干的谓语动词”，句中有 2 个连词（when 和 that），对应 2 个谓语动词（returned 和 had left），那么多出
的谓语动词 found 就是主干的谓语动词。
例 25 ：Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the
connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
该句中没有本文谈及的标点符号，故跳过第一步；从第二步可知谓语有 4 个，连词有 3 个；第三步，根据
主干公式进行推理（谓语个数比连词个数多一个），将连词和谓语一一对应，可知 is no easy task 中的 is 就是主
干的谓语动词。
用一用：运用“主干公式法”找下列句子的主干。
1. I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.
2. The child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop capacity for appropriate
responses will experience greatly intellectual development.
3. More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years,
according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.
在运用上述三步骤分析长难句的时候，需要特别注意三个难点：
（1）如何区分主谓宾宾和主谓宾宾补？
有些及物动词（如 teach、tell、show、bring、give、offer、lend、pass、sell、send 等）作谓语时，后面可
以跟两个宾语，句子的意思才更完整，如“I teach him English.”，其中 him 是间接宾语，English 是直接宾语，
这样的句子结构是主谓宾宾结构。而有些及物动词，如表心理状态和情感状态的动词 feel、hear、let、help、
keep、call、ask、think、want、find 等，感官动词 watch、see、hear 以及使役动词 make、have、let，作谓语动词时，
只接宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，我们称该成分为宾语补
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