The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business

看得见的手 : 美国企业的管理革命

基本信息

Author：Alfred D. Chandler Jr.

Format：Paperback | 624 pages

Dimensions：162 x 235 x 29.97mm | 785g

Publication date：01 Jan 1993

Publisher：Harvard University Press

Language：English

ISBN10：0674940520

ISBN13：9780674940529

页面参数仅供参考，具体以实物为准

书籍简介

在现代资本主义的形成时期(19世纪50年代到20世纪20年代)，大型企业——大型企业及其管理者的角色在这本开拓性的书中得到了描述。著名的商业历史学家阿尔弗雷德·钱德勒(Alfred Chandler, Jr.)阐述了大企业在美国运输、通讯以及生产和分销的中心部门占据主导地位的原因。

管理革命，在这里以力量和信念呈现，是关于管理的有形之手如何取代亚当·斯密所说的市场力量的“无形之手”的故事。钱德勒指出，在决定美国工业的规模和集中度方面，向管理大型企业的经理人的根本性转变，比其他经常被认为至关重要的因素(如企业家精神的质量、资金的可用性或公共政策)发挥了更大的影响。

The role of large-scale business enterprise—big business and its managers—during the formative years of modern capitalism (from the 1850s until the 1920s) is delineated in this pathmarking book. Alfred Chandler, Jr., the distinguished business historian, sets forth the reasons for the dominance of big business in American transportation, communications, and the central sectors of production and distribution.

The managerial revolution, presented here with force and conviction, is the story of how the visible hand of management replaced what Adam Smith called the “invisible hand” of market forces. Chandler shows that the fundamental shift toward managers running large enterprises exerted a far greater influence in determining size and concentration in American industry than other factors so often cited as critical: the quality of entrepreneurship, the availability of capital, or public policy.

作者简介

阿尔弗雷德·钱德勒，哈佛商学院的伊塞尔多·斯特劳斯商业史教授。

Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., was Isidor Straus Professor of Business History at Harvard Business School.

目录

Introduction: The Visible Hand

Modern Business Enterprise Defined

Some General Propositions

Part I. The Traditional Processses of Production and Distribution

1. The Traditional Enterprise in Commerce

Institutional Specialization and Market Coordination

The General Merchant of the Colonial World

Specialization in Commerce

Specialization in Finance and Transportation

Managing the Specialized Enterprise in Commerce

Managing the Specialized Enterprise in Finance and Transportation

Technological Limits to Institutional Change in Commerce

2. The Traditional Enterprise in Production

Technological Limits to Institutional Change in Production

The Expansion of Prefactory Production, 1790–1840

Managing Traditional Production

The Plantation—an Ancient Form of Large-Scale Production

The Integrated Textile Mill—a New Form of Large-Scale Production

The Springfield Armory—Another Prototype of the Modern Factory

Lifting Technological Constraints

Part II. The Revolution in Transportation and Communication

3. The Railroads: The First Modern Business Enterprises, 1850s–1860s

Innovation in Technology and Organization

The Impact of the Railroads on Construction and Finance

Structural Innovation

Accounting and Statistical Innovation

Organizational Innovation Evaluated

4. Railroad Cooperation and Competition, 1870s–1880s

New Patterns of Interfirm Relationships

Cooperation to Expand Through Traffic

Cooperation to Control Competition

The Great Cartels

The Managerial Role

5. System-Building, 1880s–1900s

Top Management Decision Making

Building the First Systems

System-Building in the 1880s

Reorganization and Rationalization in the 1880s

Structures for the New Systems

The Bureaucratization of Railroad Administration

6. Completing the Infrastructure

Other Transportation and Communication Enterprises

Transportation: Steamship Lines and Urban Traction Systems Communication: The Postal Service, Telegraph, and Telephone

The Organizational Response

Part III. The Revolution in Distribution and Production

7. Mass Distribution

The Basic Transformation

The Modern Commodity Dealer

The Wholesale Jobber

The Mass Retailer

The Department Store

The Mail-Order House

The Chain Store

The Economies of Speed

8. Mass Production

The Basic Transformation

Expansion of the Factory System

The Mechanical Industries

The Refining and Distilling Industries

The Metal-Making Industries

The Metal-Working Industries

The Beginnings of Scientific Management

The Economies of Speed

Part IV. The Integration of Mass Production with Mass Distribution

9. The Coming of the Modern Industrial Corporation

Reasons for Integration

Integration by Users of Continuous-Process Technology

Integration by Processors of Perishable Products

Intergration by Machinery Makers Requiring Specialized Marketing Services

The Followers

10. Integration by the Way of Merger

Combination and Consolidation

The Mergers of the 1880s

Mergers, 1890–1903

The Success and Failure of Mergers

11. Integration Completed

An Overview: 1900–1917

Growth by Vertical Integration—a Description

Food and Tobacco

Oil and Rubber

Chemicals, Paper, and Glass

The Metal Fabricators

The Machinery Makers

Primary Metals

Growth by Vertical Integration—an Analysis

The Importance of the Market

Integration and Concentration

The Rise of Multinational Enterprise

Integration and the Structure of the American Economy

Determinants of Size and Concentration

Part V. The Management and Growth of Modern Industrial Enterprise

12. Middle Management: Function and Structure

The Entrepreneurial Enterprise

American Tobacco: Managing Mass Production and Distribution of Packaged Products

Armour: Managing the Production and Distribution of Perishable Products

Singer and McCormick: Making and Marketing Machinery

The Beginnings of Middle Management in American Industry

13. Top Management: Function and Structure

The Managerial Enterprise

Standard Oil Trust

General Electric Company

United States Rubber Company

E.I. Du Pont de Nemours Powder Company

The Growing Supremacy of Managerial Enterprise

14. The Maturing of Modern Business Enterprise

Perfecting the Structure

The Professionalization of Management

Growth of Modern Business Enterprise Between the Wars

Modern Business Enterprise Since 1941

The Dominance of Modern Business Enterprise

Conclusion: The Managerial Revolution in American Business

General Patterns of Institutional Growth

The Ascendancy of the Manager

The United States: Seed-Bed of Managerial Capitalism

Appendixes

Notes

Index