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书名：Le Morte D’Arthur 亚瑟王之死和圆桌骑士传奇
难度：Lexile蓝思阅读指数1200
作者：Thomas Malory托马斯•马洛礼
出版社名称：Signet Classics
出版时间：2010
语种：英文
ISBN：9780451531490
商品尺寸：10.7 x2.1 x 17.2 cm
包装：简装
页数：554

    亚瑟王（King Arthur）是一位近乎神话般的传奇人物。亚瑟王的故事是从公元十二世纪起，由欧洲的吟游诗人开始传颂到各地的。后来，亚瑟的形象不断变化，后来演变成为不列颠之王，统一了不列颠群岛，成为圆桌骑士首领和拥有至高荣誉的英雄，被后人尊称为亚瑟王。亚瑟王的传奇是欧洲文学的瑰宝，在西方流传之广，据说仅次于《圣经》和莎士比亚戏剧。
    托马斯•马洛礼（Thomas Malory）把那些相对独立的故事进行改编，使它们在亚瑟王的旗号下形成一个有机的整体。他的这部Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》是法、英两国形形色色的亚瑟王及其圆桌骑士故事的汇集，之后由英国第一位印刷家威廉•卡斯顿在1485年印刷了这部堪称集传说之大成的书，意义十分重大。由于印刷术的出现和《亚瑟王之死》的刊行，像野草一样在民间蔓生着的中古英语方言才有了相对固定的拼写符号。《亚瑟王之死》是一部真正意义上的“划时代”的著作，它标志着中古英语时代的终结。
    《亚瑟王之死》问世后，取材于亚瑟王传说的作品从古至今不绝如缕。意大利诗人但丁在其不朽名著《神曲》的《地狱篇》第三歌中，就写到了特里斯坦椅士、兰斯洛特椅士和寻找圣杯的骑士加拉哈以及桂乃芬王后。十六世纪英国著名诗人斯宾塞，十九世纪英国后期浪漫派诗人丁尼生、莫里斯、史文朋都在自己的诗作中采用了亚瑟王传说的素材，其中尤以斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》和丁尼生的组诗《国王歌集》在英国诗歌史上享有盛誉。十九世纪后半叶的德国作曲家和诗人瓦格纳曾创作了脍炙人口的歌剧《特里斯坦》和《薄希华》。到了二十世纪，美国诗人罗宾逊又运用亚瑟王传说的素材入诗，他的同胞、小说有马克·吐温的小说《亚瑟王朝廷的美国佬》更是我们所熟知的作品。英国象征主义大诗人T.S.艾略特则在他的名诗《荒原》中，以寻找圣杯作为结构诗歌的一个重要原型。这一切都表明，《亚瑟王之死》以及整个亚瑟王与圆桌骑士的故事对西方文学的深远影响。
    《亚瑟王之死》成书于15世纪，原作读起来非常困难。为了方便阅读又尽可能保留马洛礼原作的风格，许多人都对其进行改编。本版本为Signet Classics推出的简装便携全英文版，由Keith Baines改编成现代英语，Robert Graves作序，Christopher Cannon编后记。

    In a time when there were damsels in distress to save and mythical dragons to slay, King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table were there to render justice in the face of any danger. From the incredible wizardry of Merlin to the undeniable passion of Sir Launcelot, these tales of Arthur and his knights offer epic adventures with the supernatural as well as timeless battles withour ownhumanity.
    Keith Baines’s splendid rendition ofLe Morte d’Arthur faithfully preserves the original flavor of Malory’s masterpiece—that of banners and bloodshed, knights and ladies, Christians and sorcerers, sentiment and savagery. It remains a vivid medieval tapestry woven about a central figure who symbolizes the birth of an age of chivalry.
     “Le Morte d’Arthur remains an enchanted sea for the reader to swim about in.” —ROBERT GRAVES
    With an Introduction by Robert Graves and a New Afterword by Christopher Cannon

托马斯·马洛礼爵士（Sir Thomas Malory，1408？-1471年），英国作家。他的中世纪故事集赋予亚瑟王的故事传说很高的参考价值，也是英国散文的第一部重要作品。在1485年英国第一位印刷家威廉姆·卡克斯顿对这部小说集印刷时，将其命名为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）。而马洛礼起初的书名则是《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》。关于马洛礼的生平众说纷纭，莫衷一是。卡克斯顿将其描绘成一个骑士，其故事是其从法文翻译过来的。20世纪的学者认为马洛礼是一个骑士的儿子，他还是沃里克郡的地方官。显然他曾在沃里克的伯爵理查德·博尚的驻法部队里服役。1445年他在议会任职。1451年，可能由于政治原因他被监禁，罪名是图谋暗杀、敲诈和盗窃。据信他的余生都是在监狱中度过的，1469年他在狱中完成了这部著作。
Sir Thomas Malorywas born in approximately 1410 and is believed to have been a knight serving under the Earl of Warwick. For a few years, he was a member of Parliament but ultimately spent several long terms in prison for a variety of crimes, including robbery and assault. He completedLe Morte d’Arthur, the first great English prose epic, in Newgate Prison around 1469-70, shortly before his death. The book was eventually published in 1485 by William Caxton, the first English printer.
Keith Baines was born in London, England. He studied atprivate schools in London and Hampshire, at the Royal Academy of Music, and at University College, London. He fought in World War II, and after his discharge, he turned to Ms main interest, poetry. Mr. Baines’s poems appeared in periodicals both in the United States and the United Kingdom. He died in 1986.
Christopher Cannon is Professor of English at New York University and has also taught at the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, and UCLA. He is the authorofTheMaking of Chaucer’s English (1998),The Grounds of English Literature (2004), andMiddle English Literature: A Cultural History (2008), as well as numerous articles on Middle English literature and language. 

INTRODUCTION
THE TALE OF KING ARTHUR
    1. Merlin
    2. Balin, or the Knight with the Two Swords
    3. Torre and Pellinore
    4. The War with the Five Kings
    5. Arthur and Accolon
    6. Gawain, Uwayne, and Marhaus
THE TALE OF KING ARTHUR AND THE EMPEROR LUCIUS
THE TALE OF SIR LAUNCELOT DU LAKE
THE TALE OF SIR GARETH
THE BOOK OF SIR TRISTRAM OF LYONESS
    1. Iseult theFair
    2. Sir Lamerok de Galys
    3. La Cote Male Tayle
    4. Sir Tistram’s Madness and Exile
    5. The Maidens’ Castle
    6. The Round Table
    7. King Mark
    8. Alexander the Orphan
    9. The Tournament at Surluse
    10. Joyous Gard
    11.The Red City
    12. The Tournament at Lonezep
    13. Sir Palomides
    14. Launcelot and Elaine
    15. Conclusion
THE TALE OF THESANGREAL
    1. The Departure
    2.The Miracles
    3. Sir Percivale
    4. Sir Launcelot
    5. Sir Gawain
    6. Sir Bors 
    7. Sir Galahad
    8. The Castle of Carbonek
    9. The Miracle of Sir Galahad
THE BOOK OF SIR LAUNCELOT AND QUEEN GWYNEVERE
    1. The Poisoned Apple
    2. TheFair Maid of Astolat
    3.The Great Tournament
    4. The Knight of the Cart
    5. The Healing of Sir Urry
LE MORTE D’ARTHUR  
    1. Slander and Strife
    2. The Vengeance of Sir Gawain
    3. The Siege of Benwick
    4. The Day of Destiny
    5. The Dolorous Deaths and Departing Out of This World of Sir Launcelot and Queen Gwynevere

APPENDIX: Synopsis of Principal Characters
AFTERWORD
SELECTED BISLIOGRAPHY 

1. MERLIN
King Uther Pendragon, ruler of all Britain, had been at war for many years with the Duke of Tintagil in Cornwall when he was told of the beauty of Lady Igraine, the duke’s wife. Thereupon he called a truceand invited the duke and Igraine to his court, where he prepared a feast for them, and where, as soon as they arrived, he was formally reconciled to the duke through the good offices of his courtiers.
In the course of the feast, King Uther grew passionately desirous of Igraine and, when it was over, begged her to become his paramour. Igraine, however, being asnaturally loyal as she was beautiful, refused him.
“I suppose,” said Igraine to her husband, the duke, when this had happened, “that the king arranged this truce only because he wanted to make me his mistress. I suggest that we leave at once, without warning, and ride overnight to our castle.” The duke agreed with her, and they left the court secretly.
The king was enraged by Igraine’s flight and summonedhis privy council. They advised him to command the fugitive’sreturn under threat of renewing the war; but when this was done, the duke and Igraine denied his summons.He then warned them that they could expect to be dragged from their castle within six weeks.
The duke manned and provisioned his two strongestcastles: Tintagil for Igraine, and Terrabyl, which was useful for its many sally ports, for himself. Soon King Uther arrived with a huge army and laid siege to Terrabyl; but despite the ferocity of the fighting, and the numerous casualties suffered by both sides, neither was able to gain a decisive victory.
Still enraged, and now despairing, King Uther fell sick. His friend Sir Ulfius came to him and asked what the trouble was. “Igraine has broken my heart,” the king replied. “and unless I can win her, I shall never recover.”